Security, Democracy, and Society in Bali

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xv

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2. The Trouble with Protection

   • Andrew Vandenberg

   Pages 1-22

3. The People Answer Back: A Case Study in the Balinese Asserting Their Opinion About the Ormas

   • Kadek Dwita Apriani, Translated by Elisha Montgomery

   Pages 23-49

4. The 2015 Billboards Campaign: What Was That All About?

   • Ni Nyoman Dewi Pascarani, Translated by Miriam Ramsay

   Pages 51-74

5. The Historical Construction of Bali’s Security Groups

   • Andrew Vandenberg

   Pages 75-110

6. “A Combination of Extortion and Civic Duty”: A Comparative Criminological Perspective on Informal Security Organisations in Bali

   • Richard Evans

   Pages 111-131

7. Paradise Fabricated: Networking of Local Strongmen in Bali

   • Nazrina Zuryani

   Pages 133-154

8. The Transitional Democracy Trap: Democracy, Complexity, and Local Oligarchy in Bali

   • Muhammad Ali Azhar, Translated by Abigail Robinson

   Pages 155-175

9. The Internal Governance of Civil Militia

   • Tedi Erviantono, Translated by Augustina Wayansari

   Pages 177-208

10. Power and the Security Organisations in Bali: Drug Gangsters, Neighbourhood Watch Groups, or What?

    • Andrew Vandenberg, I Gusti Agung Oka Mahangganga

    Pages 209-232

11. Gender Dualism as Degendering Cosmic Multicultural Tolerance of Wargas: Community Security Practices in North Bali

    • Nazrina Zuryani, Tedi Erviantono, Translated by Hannah Mansfield

    Pages 233-252

12. Digital Activism in Bali: The ForBALI Movement

    • Fiona Suwana

    Pages 253-284

13. Elected and Non-elected Representative Claim-Makers in Indonesia

    • Michael Hatherell

    Pages 285-303

14. Contesting Indonesia’s Democratic Transition: Laskar Jihad, the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) and Civil Society

    • Greg Barton

    Pages 305-331

15. Correction to: The Transitional Democracy Trap: Democracy, Complexity, and Local Oligarchy in Bali

    • Muhammad Ali Azhar, Translated by Abigail Robinson

    Pages C1-C1

16. Back Matter

    Pages 333-344

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This book focuses on how diverse developments are reflected in the rise of the security groups in Bali, Indonesia. Bali’s security groups pose many interesting questions. Why did they put up so many huge posters around the streets of southern Bali promoting themselves? Are their claims to represent the community plausible or are they “gangs”? How are they shaped by Indonesia’s violent past? How does Hinduism affect their gender politics? Do they promote illiberal populism or ethnic and religious tolerance? Does their central role in money politics prevent local democratization?

Rather than write bottom-up history or bring the state back in, this collection as a whole draws on the ideas that circulate among leaders. These circulating ideas construct contemporary politics around both reinterpretations of old practices and responses to problems around tourism, gender, populism, religion, and democracy.

• Security in Indonesia
• Security in Bali
• Strongmen in Indonesia
• Strongmen in Bali
• Gangs in Indonesia
• Gangs in Bali
• Democracy in Bali
• Democracy in Indonesia
• State and Society in Indonesia
• State and Society in Bali
• Informal Security Organisations in Bali
• Networking of local strongmen in Bali
• Transition and local democracy in Bali
• Internal Governance of Civil Militia in Bali
• Police and the mass organisations in Bali
• Cosmic and Gender Dualities in Bali
• Political risks of religion in Bali
• Digital activism in Bali
• Claim-makers in Indonesia
• Islamism and Moral Panic in Indonesia

• Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia

  Andrew Vandenberg

• Faculty of Social and Political Science, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia

  Nazrina Zuryani

Andrew Vandenberg is a senior lecturer in Politics and Policy Studies at Deakin University, Australia. He researches unionism, social movements, parties, and democratisation in Sweden, Australia, and Indonesia. His books include Democracy and Citizenship in a Global Era (Macmillan 2000), and Education Policy and the Australian Education Union: Resisting Social Neoliberalism and Auditing Technology (2018).


Nazrina Zuryani is an Associate Dean in the Faculty of Social and Political Science, Udayana University. She researches parties, local government and local administration. Her publications include Akuntabilitas Partai Politik (Accountability and Party Politics) (2015) and Penduduk dan Pajak (Population and Tax) (2015), written with nationally competitive funding, a team of co-authors, and close collaboration with leaders of the local public service and the local political parties.

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