Clinical MR Imaging and Physics

1. Front Matter

   Pages I-IX

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2. Resonance

   Pages 1-1

3. Electromagnetic Fields

   Pages 2-2

4. Macroscopic Magnetization

   Pages 3-4

5. Macroscopic Magnetization Revisited

   Pages 5-6

6. Excitation Phenomena

   Pages 7-8

7. T1 Relaxation (Longitudinal or Spin-Lattice Relaxation)

   Pages 9-10

8. T2 Relaxation (Transverse or Spin–Spin Relaxation)

   Pages 11-12

9. Magnetic Substrates of T1 Relaxation

   Pages 13-15

10. Magnetic Substrates of T2 Relaxation

    Pages 16-16

11. Proton (Spin) Density Contrast

    Pages 17-17

12. Partial Saturation

    Pages 18-18

13. Free Induction Decay

    Pages 19-19

14. Spin Echo

    Pages 20-21

15. Integration of T1, T2, and Proton Density Phenomena

    Pages 22-24

16. Inversion Recovery

    Pages 25-27

17. Image Formation – Fourier Transform – Gradients

    Pages 28-31

18. Gradient Echo Imaging

    Pages 32-38

19. Pulse Sequences

    Pages 39-39

20. Fast or Turbo Spin Echo Imaging

    Pages 40-42

Keywords Spin › Electromagnetic radiation › Resonance › Nucleus › Hydrogen › Proton › Certain atomic nuclei possess inherent magnetic Let us summarize the MRI procedure. Te patient properties called spin, and can interact with electro- is placed in a magnetic feld and becomes temporarily 1 magnetic (EM) radiation through a process called magnetized. Resonance is achieved through the - resonance. When such nuclei absorb EM energy they plication of specifc pulses of EM radiation, which is proceed to an excited, unstable confguration. Upon absorbed by the patient. Subsequently, the excess - return to equilibrium, the excess energy is released, ergy is liberated and measured. Te captured signal producing the MR signal. Tese processes are not is processed by a computer and converted to a gray random, but obey predefned rules. scale (MR) image. Te simplest nucleus is that of hydrogen (H), con- Why do we need to place the patient in a m- sisting of only one particle, a proton. Because of its net? Because the earth’s magnetic feld is too weak to abundance in humans and its strong MR signal, H be clinically useful; it varies from 0. 3–0. 7 Gauss (G). is the most useful nucleus for clinical MRI. Tus, foC r urrent clinical MR systems operate at low, mid or our purposes, MRI refers to MRI of hydrogen, and for h igh feld strength ranging from 0. 1 to 3.

• MR Angiography
• MR Physics
• MR imaging
• angiography
• diagnosis
• magnetic resonance
• magnetic resonance imaging
• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

From the reviews:

"This introductory book is designed to take readers from the fundamentals of proton interactions to the interpretation of clinical MR imaging studies. … All healthcare professionals are the intended audience. The book is certainly suitable for radiologists interested in MRI or MR technologists wanting to learn the essentials of the technique. … provides a good starting point for those involved in MR imaging with a clinical perspective. It is well-illustrated and practically demonstrates how physical principles directly govern the images of any MR imaging study." (R. Terry Thompson, Doody’s Review Service, March, 2009)

• EuroDiagnosis Imaging Center, Corfu, Greece

  Haris S. Chrysikopoulos

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