Biochemistry of Drug Resistance

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xi

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2. Introduction to Drugs, Drug Targets and Drug Resistance

   • Saima Ashraf, Nabila Bashir, Nadia Rashid, Adeel Hussain Chughtai, Khalid Mahmood Zia, Saadat Majeed et al.

   Pages 1-31

3. Drugs Resistance in Bacterial Diseases

   • Muhammad Zeeshan Ahmed, Tazeen Rao, Waqas Ahmad, Shahzeb Hameed, Samrana Anayat, Asma Altaq et al.

   Pages 33-56

4. Drugs Resistance Against Viral Diseases

   • Atif Liaqat, Muhammad Farhan Jahangir Chughtai, Adnan Khaliq, Tariq Mehmood, Samreen Ahsan, Kanza Saeed et al.

   Pages 57-93

5. Drug Resistance in Protozoal Infections

   • Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan, Haider Abbas, Muhammad Sohail Sajid, Mahvish Maqbool, Malcolm K. Jones, Muhammad Irfan Ullah et al.

   Pages 95-142

6. Antifungal Drugs: Mechanism of Action and Resistance

   • Muhammad Zeeshan Ahmed, Tazeen Rao, Ali Saeed, Zeeshan Mutahir, Shahzeb Hameed, Samrana Inayat et al.

   Pages 143-165

7. Drug Resistance in Ear, Nose, and Throat Infections

   • Muhammad Zeeshan Ahmed, Zeeshan Mutahir, Tazeen Rao, Arshad Islam, Nayyab Hameed, Saifullah Shakeel et al.

   Pages 167-195

8. Drug Resistance in Skin Diseases

   • Humaira Shah, Sher Zaman Safi

   Pages 197-234

9. Drugs Resistance in Lungs Diseases

   • Muhammad Salman Sajid, Shafaq Saleem, Fahmida Jabeen, Batool Fatima, Adeela Saeed, Dilshad Hussain et al.

   Pages 235-254

10. Neurological Disorders: Biochemistry of Drug Resistance and Future Challenges

    • Muhammad Sheeraz Ahmad, Salma Batool, Arshad Islam, Ammara Jabeen, Azka Noureen, Sana Shamshad et al.

    Pages 255-277

11. Drug Resistance in Kidney Diseases

    • Nadia Rashid, Dilshad Hussain, Saima Ashraf, Nabila Bashir, Saadat Majeed, Muhammad Naeem Ashiq et al.

    Pages 279-294

12. Drugs Resistance in Heart Diseases

    • Adeel Mahmood, Maryam Eqan, Saher Pervez, Rimsha Javed, Rizwan Ullah, Arshad Islam et al.

    Pages 295-334

13. Drug Resistance in Liver Diseases

    • Shehla Munir, Muhammad Ibrahim, Nor Hayati Othman, Atif Amin Baig, Mogana Das Murti, Nik Soriani et al.

    Pages 335-365

14. Drug Resistance in Cancer

    • Batool Fatima, Maryam Jamil, Dilshad Hussain, Adeela Saeed, Fahmida Jabeen, Muhammad Salman Sajid et al.

    Pages 367-386

15. Drugs Resistance and Treatment Failure in HIV and/or AIDS

    • Fahmida Jabeen, Muhammad Salman Sajid, Adeela Saeed, Batool Fatima, Dilshad Hussain, Saadat Majeed et al.

    Pages 387-403

16. Drug Resistance in Reproductive Diseases

    • Dilshad Hussain, Adeela Saeed, Hafiza Nadia Rashid, Batool Fatima, Muhammad Salman Sajid, Fahmida Jabeen et al.

    Pages 405-422

17. Drug Resistance in Diabetes

    • Adnan Khaliq, Muhammad Farhan Jahangir Chughtai, Javed Iqbal, Haq Nawaz, Samreen Ahsan, Tariq Mehmood et al.

    Pages 423-459

18. Drug Resistance in Rheumatological Diseases

    • Hassan Waqar, Ammar Arshad, Muhammad Asad Raza, Mohammad Qamar Nasir, Ahmed Shams Nasir, Arshad Islam et al.

    Pages 461-474

19. Pherotypes in Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Role of CSP-1 and CSP-2 in Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance; Towards Development of Live Attenuated Vaccine Candidates in Inducing Netosis Based Acquired Immune Response

    • Saima Iqbal, Muhammad Hassan, Hassan Waqar, Sarfraz Ahmed, Arshad Islam, Ahmed Zubaidi Abd Latiff et al.

    Pages 475-487

20. Hypoxia, Obesity and Drug Resistance; Towards Sustainable Development Goals and Globalization

    • Farwa Munir, Fizza Maqbool, Shahzaib Naeem, Shaharbano, Mavra Riaz Atif, Asad Ur Rehman et al.

    Pages 489-504

This book provides a comprehensive discussion on the current information and evidence on the latest developments in the field of drugs resistance. Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a medication such as an antimicrobial or an antineoplastic in treating a disease or condition. This leads to negative outcomes at great risk of public health; therefore, increasing efforts are dedicated to the development of a new generation of medications that will help deal with this phenomenon. Decades of technological innovations in drug design have demonstrated the potential of resistance. Enormous information on various aspects of antibiotics resistance is available. However, literature on drug resistance specifically related to infectious and non-infectious diseases is rarely presented, particularly those focusing on the mechanisms, biochemistry, kinetics, dynamics, and management of drug resistance. Therefore, there is an immense need for a systematic compilation on the available information about this issue. 


All the chapters are logically selected and arranged to provide state-of-the-art information about all aspects of drugs resistance. After an introductory chapter, four chapters are dedicated to infectious microbial diseases, whereas two other chapters are complimenting this theme and focusing on drugs resistance in ear, nose and throat, and skin diseases. The recent advances in the understanding of drugs resistance in lung, neurological, kidney, heart, and liver diseases are also covered. Biochemistry of drugs resistance in cancer, HIV, ocular, reproductive, and diabetes diseases is also discussed. Finally, a chapter dedicated to the “management of drug resistance” has been included. 

• Disease Management
• Public Health
• Mechanisms of Drug resistance
• Multi-drug resistance
• Drug tolerance
• Biochemistry of Drug resistance

• Department of Basic Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan

  Sarfraz Ahmed

• Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China

  Suvash Chandra Ojha

• Department of Chemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

  Muhammad Najam-ul-Haq

• Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan

  Muhammad Younus

• Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan

  Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi

Sarfraz Ahmed is working as Assistant Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Basic Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CVAS), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Narowal, Pakistan. He received his Ph.D. in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology in 2016 from Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia.  Previously, he had been serving in the same discipline for the past three years at Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, and Khawja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan. His major responsibilities include teaching, research, and department’s administration. He holds Associate Membership of American Society for Microbiology, USA, Malaysian Society for Human Genome, Malaysia, Zakariyan Biochemists Organization, B.Z University, Multan, Pakistan. He has 15 research publications in well-reputed national and international scientific journals, 1 booklet and 8 book chapters in Springer & Elsevier. He has been Fellow of the Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) for pursuing his doctorate. He has won many research awards at international conferences and was awarded with bronze medal from Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education in industrial products research. He is Editorial Member and Reviewer of different well-reputed international scientific journals.


Suvash Chandra Ojha received his Ph.D. degree in Molecular Medicine in 2016 and his postdoctorate in 2018 from the Mahidol University, Thailand. Currently, he is working as  Senior Lecturer at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Medical University, China. He has won several fellowships during his academic career such as Faculty of Science Fellowship (2011-2015) and Graduate Assistantship (2015-2016) from Mahidol University, Thailand, and USM Fellowship, University Sains Malaysia (2009-2011). He holds Associate Membership of American Society for Microbiology, USA, and Malaysian Society for Microbiology University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. He is supervising several research projects involving structure–activity relationships of bacteriocins, biochemical, and molecular characterization of infectious diseases. He has published 10 articles in well-reputed scientific journals and multiple  chapters. He is Editorial Member and Reviewer of various well-reputed national & international scientific journals. 


Muhammad Najam-ul-Haq received his Ph.D. degree in 2007 from the University of Innsbruck, Austria. He also did postdoc from the University of Innsbruck, Austria, in 2013 awarded by Austrian Federal Ministry of Science and Research (BMWF), Austria. Currently he is working as Professor at Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, in the discipline of Analytical Biochemistry and Chemistry. He also holds office of Director ORIC (Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization). He served asChairman at the Department of Biochemistry in 2015, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. He has participated in the academic administrative bodies of the university; Chairman, Board of Studies in Biochemistry; Member Board of Studies in Chemistry; Member Board of Faculty (University Engineering College, BZU); Member Board of Faculty (Science); Member Academic Council; Member Senate; Member Advanced Studies & Research Board; Chairman – Admission Committee of Department of Biochemistry. He has published 105 research papers in impact factor research journals of international repute with accumulative impact factor of above 300. He has 02 international patents and 01 chapter by John Wiley & Sons to his credit. He has attended more than 50 international and national conferences and presented 32 posters in various conferences. He has won HEC, Pakistan Outstanding Research Awards 03 times. He has won Research Productivity Award (RPA) from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Pakistan, for the year 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014. He is Member – of the Editorial Board of Journal of Research (Science) BZU and Reviewer of high impact factor journals including ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (ACS), Biomedical Chromatography (Wiley), Scientific Reports (Nature), Analytical Chemistry (ACS), International Journal of Analytical Chemistry (Hindawi), and Analytical Methods (RSC).

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