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Modelling the Evolution of Natural Fracture Networks

Methods for Simulating the Nucleation, Propagation and Interaction of Layer-Bound Fractures

  • Introduces an innovative method to stimulate the growth of natural fractural networks
  • Showcases numerous applications of the modelling techniques described
  • Explains the applicability to hydrocarbon, geothermal, groundwater and engineering industries

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Table of contents (11 chapters)

  1. Front Matter

    Pages i-xviii
  2. Introduction

    • Michael John Welch, Mikael Lüthje, Simon John Oldfield
    Pages 1-16
  3. Conceptual Model for Fracture Network Growth

    • Michael John Welch, Mikael Lüthje, Simon John Oldfield
    Pages 17-20
  4. Modelling Microfractures

    • Michael John Welch, Mikael Lüthje, Simon John Oldfield
    Pages 21-27
  5. Modelling Layer-Bound Macrofractures

    • Michael John Welch, Mikael Lüthje, Simon John Oldfield
    Pages 29-36
  6. Active and Static Fractures

    • Michael John Welch, Mikael Lüthje, Simon John Oldfield
    Pages 37-77
  7. Elastic Moduli, Stress and Fracture Growth

    • Michael John Welch, Mikael Lüthje, Simon John Oldfield
    Pages 79-85
  8. Applying the Method to Geological Formations

    • Michael John Welch, Mikael Lüthje, Simon John Oldfield
    Pages 87-97
  9. Controls on Fracture Evolution

    • Michael John Welch, Mikael Lüthje, Simon John Oldfield
    Pages 99-139
  10. Calibration Against Outcrop

    • Michael John Welch, Mikael Lüthje, Simon John Oldfield
    Pages 141-165
  11. Application to the Subsurface

    • Michael John Welch, Mikael Lüthje, Simon John Oldfield
    Pages 167-191
  12. Conclusions and Further Work

    • Michael John Welch, Mikael Lüthje, Simon John Oldfield
    Pages 193-201
  13. Back Matter

    Pages 203-230

About this book

This book presents and describes an innovative method to simulate the growth of natural fractural networks in different geological environments, based on their geological history and fundamental geomechanical principles.


The book develops techniques to simulate the growth and interaction of large populations of layer-bound fracture directly, based on linear elastic fracture mechanics and subcritical propagation theory. It demonstrates how to use these techniques to model the nucleation, propagation and interaction of layer-bound fractures in different orientations around large scale geological structures, based on the geological history of the structures. It also explains how to use these techniques to build more accurate discrete fracture network (DFN) models at a reasonable computational cost. These models can explain many of the properties of natural fracture networks observed in outcrops, using actual outcrop examples. Finally, the book demonstrates how it can be incorporated into flow modelling workflows using subsurface examples from the hydrocarbon and geothermal industries.


Modelling the Evolution of Natural Fracture Networks will be of interest to anyone curious about understanding and predicting the evolution of complex natural fracture networks across large geological structures. It will be helpful to those modelling fluid flow through fractures, or the geomechanical impact of fracture networks, in the hydrocarbon, geothermal, CO2 sequestration, groundwater and engineering industries.

Authors and Affiliations

  • Danish Hydrocarbon Research and Technology Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

    Michael John Welch, Mikael Lüthje, Simon John Oldfield

About the authors

Since completing his PhD at Birmingham University in 1997, Michael Welch has worked as an applied structural geologist in various consultancies and academic positions. His focus has always been on applied research in structural geology, developing new tools and techniques to solve specific problems, and working with industry to apply those techniques. This work has aimed to understanding and predicting the occurrence and effects of fractures and faults in the subsurface, mostly, but not exclusively, in the hydrocarbon industry. He has presented much of this work in publications and international conference presentations. 


Mikael Lüthje did his PhD in geophysics and applied mathematics at Cambridge University, Technical University of Denmark and UCL in 2005. He has since then worked within academia, R&D and in the industry mostly with fractured reservoirs. He has also worked extensively with climate research, CO2 sequestration and fluid flow modelling.


Simon Oldfield is a structural geologist with a background in geological modelling and model validation. Having previously worked in the mining and hydrocarbon industries, he undertook his PhD at the University of Leeds investigating the uncertainty of how seismic imaging represents different structural geometries observed in the field. Since 2019, he has worked with DHRTC calibrating and validating fracture modelling outputs against natural outcrops and considering the implications for subsurface fluid flow.


The Danish Hydrocarbon Research and Technology Centre, based at the Technical University of Denmark, was set up in 2015 with funding from the hydrocarbon industry with a remit to carry out research to benefit the Danish offshore hydrocarbon industry. For the past 3 years, Michael and Mikael have been working on this project to develop new techniques to simulate natural fracture networks, for use in building improved fluid flow models of hydrocarbon fields. They have been working closely with Total E&P Denmark to apply these techniques to Danish offshore oil and gas fields, and have also applied them to several outcrops and a geothermal prospect. The techniques have potential applications in all fractured reservoirs and aquifers across industries including hydrocarbon extraction, geothermal energy, CO2 sequestration and underground storage.

Bibliographic Information

  • Book Title: Modelling the Evolution of Natural Fracture Networks

  • Book Subtitle: Methods for Simulating the Nucleation, Propagation and Interaction of Layer-Bound Fractures

  • Authors: Michael John Welch, Mikael Lüthje, Simon John Oldfield

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52414-2

  • Publisher: Springer Cham

  • eBook Packages: Energy, Energy (R0)

  • Copyright Information: The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

  • Hardcover ISBN: 978-3-030-52413-5Published: 19 September 2020

  • Softcover ISBN: 978-3-030-52416-6Published: 20 September 2021

  • eBook ISBN: 978-3-030-52414-2Published: 18 September 2020

  • Edition Number: 1

  • Number of Pages: XVIII, 230

  • Number of Illustrations: 83 b/w illustrations, 171 illustrations in colour

  • Topics: Fossil Fuels (incl. Carbon Capture), Structural Geology, Geotechnical Engineering & Applied Earth Sciences, Simulation and Modeling

Buy it now

Buying options

eBook USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Other ways to access