Phenotypic Variation in Populations

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-x

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2. Relevance of Phenotypic Variation in Risk Assessment: The Scientific Viewpoint

   • Richard B. Setlow

   Pages 1-5

3. Human Genetic Individuality and Risk Assessment

   • A. G. Motulsky

   Pages 7-9

4. Fragile Sites, Mutagens and Genomic Rearrangements in Cancer

   • Jorge J. Yunis

   Pages 11-21

5. Sources and Significance of Variation as Measured in Human Populations

   • Edmond A. Murphy, Kenneth R. Berger

   Pages 23-35

6. New Technologies for Studying Human Genetic Variation

   • Norman Arnheim

   Pages 37-44

7. Genes Encoding Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: Possible Role in Human Disease

   • Daniel W. Nebert

   Pages 45-64

8. Epidemiologic Evidence for Genetic Variability in the Frequency of Cancer: Ethnic Differences

   • Robert W. Miller

   Pages 65-70

9. Phenotypic Variation within Genetically Homogeneous Populations: Responsiveness to Toxicants

   • George L. Wolff

   Pages 71-79

10. Variability in Anthropometric Traits in Twins and Their Families

    • Linda A. Corey, Lindon J. Eaves, Walter E. Nance

    Pages 81-91

11. Variation in Expression of Congenital Cardiovascular Malformations within and Among Families

    • J. A. Boughman, J. A. Astemborski, K. A. Berg, E. B. Clark, C. Ferencz

    Pages 93-103

12. The Use of Polymorphic Markers to Detect Genetic Variability

    • Robert C. Elston

    Pages 105-112

13. The Arrogance of Intellectual Power

    • Sheldon W. Samuels

    Pages 113-120

14. Risk Assessment, Regulation, and the Limits of Science

    • Alvin M. Weinberg

    Pages 121-128

15. Variability in Diet and its Relation to Risk in Ethnic and Migrant Groups

    • Laurence N. Kolonel

    Pages 129-135

16. Cancer Risk and Life-Style: Cancer Among Mormons from 1967–1975

    • Joseph L. Lyon, John Wl. Gardner, Dee W. West

    Pages 137-161

17. Gene-Environmental Interaction as a Cause of Human Variation

    • H. Eldon Sutton

    Pages 163-171

18. Risk Assessment: Short-Term Exposure at Various Ages

    • David W. Gaylor

    Pages 173-176

19. Variability in Life Span Functional Capacity

    • David W. E. Smith

    Pages 177-182

20. Constitutional, Somatic Genetic and Environmental Aspects of the Phenotypic Diversity of Aging in Human Subjects

    • George M. Martin

    Pages 183-190

The human race has enormous he terogenei ty, founded on genetic and environmental sources. Variability, therefore, is a vital dimension in any consideration of human risk assessment. In the estimation of risks, current methods of extrapolation based upon converting the response of a median man are inadequate, as they ignore phenotypic variation and there­ fore, susceptible subgroups. There is a growing literature defining the extent of human variation in normal populations; thus, the normal young adult population may have 10-20% known hyperreactors. How far can we ignore human variability in risk assessment? Should we be concerned with susceptible groups, and how can we modify the risk assessment analysis accordingly? The aim of our meeting was to bring together experts from the fields of human epidemiology, toxicology, aging, genetics, carcino­ genesis and teratology, and to provide a forum in which we might assimi­ late knowledge of human heterogeneity as a coherent whole. Since the resolution and obligations of risk assessment, in the last analysis, are a political process, we also involved representatives from the legal field, the unions, and the regulatory agencies. We are most grateful for financial support from the National Institute on Aging; the u. S. Environmental Protection Agency; the U. S. Department of Energy; FDA - National Center for Toxicological Research; The Council for Tobacco Research-USA, Inc; Johnson and Johnson; Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories; and Associated Universities, Inc. We thank our Symposium Coordinator, Ms.

• aging
• assessment
• energy
• epidemiology
• genetics
• mutagen
• population
• research
• toxicology

• Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, USA

  Avril D. Woodhead, Michael A. Bender, Robin C. Leonard

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