Environmental Impacts of Microbial Insecticides

1. Front Matter

   Pages ii-xii

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2. General Framework

   1. Ecological Risk Assessment Framework for Biological Control Agents

      • Heikki M. T. Hokkanen, Franz Bigler, Giovanni Burgio, Joop C. Van Lenteren, Matt B. Thomas

      Pages 1-14

3. Entomopathogenic Fungi

   1. Entomopathogenic Fungi as Classical Biological Control Agents

      • Ann E. Hajek, Italo Delalibera Junior, Linda Butler

      Pages 15-34

   2. Safety of Hyphomycete Fungi as Microbial Control Agents

      • Susanne Vestergaard, Andrew Cherry, Siegfried Keller, Mark Goettel

      Pages 35-62

   3. Assessing the Impacts of Metarhizium and Beauveria on Bumblebees

      • Heikki M. T. Hokkanen, Qing-Qi Zeng, Ingeborg Menzler-Hokkanen

      Pages 63-71

4. Viral Insecticides

   1. Ecological Impacts of Virus Insecticides: Host Range and Non-Target Organisms

      • Jenny S. Cory

      Pages 73-91

5. Entomopathogenic Microsporidia

   1. Environmental Safety of Microsporidia

      • Leellen F. Solter, James J. Becnel

      Pages 93-118

6. Bacterial Insecticides

   1. Environmental Impacts of Bacterial Biopesticides

      • Travis R. Glare, Maureen O’Callaghan

      Pages 119-149

   2. The Safety of Bacterial Microbial Agents Used for Black Fly and Mosquito Control in Aquatic Environments

      • Lawrence A. Lacey, Richard W. Merritt

      Pages 151-168

   3. Environmental Safety of Inundative Application of a Naturally Occurring Biocontrol Agent, Serratia entomophila

      • Trevor A. Jackson

      Pages 169-176

7. Entomopathogenic Nematodes

   1. Biocontrol Nematodes

      • Ralf-Udo Ehlers

      Pages 177-220

8. General Aspects of Environmental Risk Assessment

   1. Ecological Insights into Factors Affecting the Non-Target Impact of Microbial Control Agents

      • Matt B. Thomas, Liam D. Lynch

      Pages 221-235

   2. Regulatory Requirements for Ecotoxicological Assessments of Microbial Insecticides — How Relevant are They?

      • Stefan T. Jaronski, Mark S. Goettel, Chris J. Lomer

      Pages 237-260

9. Back Matter

   Pages 261-269

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Biological pesticides are increasingly finding therr place in IPM and increasing numbers of products are making therr way to the marketplace. Particularly in China, Latin America and Australia, implementation is proceeding on a large scale. However, in the USA and Europe, registration procedures for insect pathogens to be used for insect control have been established that requrre low levels of risk, resulting in costs of retarding the implementation of microbial agents. This book provides a review of the state of the art of studies on the envrronmental impact of microbial insecticides. It originates from a Society for Invertebrate Pathology Microbial Control Division Symposium .. Assessment of envrronmental safety of biological insecticides", organised in collaboration with the EU-ERBIC research project (FAIR5-CT97-3489). This symposium was initiated by Heikki Hokkanen and Chris Lomer, and was held at the SIP Annual Meeting in 2001 in The Netherlands. The emphasis in this book is on large scale use of microbial agents for insect control, demonstrating how this use has been proceeding with minimal envrron­ mental impact. This book is intended to be of use to regulatory authorities in determining whether further studies in eertain areas are necessary and how to conduct them if needed, or whether sufficient information has been collected already to permit fuH registration of many of these biological control agents.

• Fungi
• bacteria
• ecology
• environment
• environmental risk assessment
• pesticide
• pesticides
• safety
• Entomology

• Department of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

  Heikki M. T. Hokkanen

• Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA

  Ann E. Hajek

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