A system dynamics model for the impact of capacity limits on the Bullwhip effect (BWE) in a closed-loop system with remanufacturing
Authors (first, second and last of 4)

The Journal of Remanufacturing is an international, peer-reviewed journal and the first to foster discussion to assist:
Why is remanufacturing important?
The significance of remanufacturing is that:
Conventional manufacturing is unsustainable because of its significant adverse environmental impacts. Manufacturing generates more than 60% of annual non-hazardous waste (Nasr and Varel 1996) and causes problems including pollution and shortages and therefore high cost of landfill space and virgin materials.
International legislation now aim to force manufactures to reduce the environmental impacts of their products and manufacturing process and to penalize them depending on the amount of waste they produce. Also, global competition requires organizations to reduce product price whilst maintaining quality.
Remanufacturing can help companies address these competitive, legislative and environmental pressures. For example it simultaneously improves competitiveness and limits environmental damage due to production by reducing production costs via reductions in processing and raw material usage. By integrating waste back into the production cycle it limits landfill and cost of waste disposal.