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Digital Anatomy

Applications of Virtual, Mixed and Augmented Reality

  • The First Book on Digital Anatomy written in close cooperation between Physicians, Anatomists, and Computer Scientists,
  • Addresses the application of Extended Reality explicitly to Surgical and Clinical Practice through Training and Teaching,
  • Clarifies the classical approaches with the advantages brought by VR, AR, and MR;
  • Showcases recent VR, AR, and MR systems, techniques, and methods for digital anatomy.

Part of the book series: Human–Computer Interaction Series (HCIS)

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Table of contents (19 chapters)

  1. Front Matter

    Pages i-xiv
  2. Introduction to Digital Anatomy

    • Joaquim Jorge
    Pages 1-10
  3. From Anatomical to Digital Dissection: A Historical Perspective Since Antiquity Towards the Twenty-First Century

    • Vincent Delmas, Jean-François Uhl, Pedro F. Campos, Daniel Simões Lopes, Joaquim Jorge
    Pages 11-39
  4. A Tool for Collaborative Anatomical Dissection

    • Ezequiel Roberto Zorzal, Maurício Sousa, Daniel Mendes, Soraia Figueiredo Paulo, Pedro Rodrigues, Joaquim Jorge et al.
    Pages 41-58
  5. Volume Rendering Technique from DICOM® Data Applied to the Study of Virtual Anatomy

    • Juan Pablo Merino, José Alberto Ovelar, Jorge Gustavo Cédola
    Pages 77-101
  6. Segmentation and 3D Printing of Anatomical Models from CT Angiograms

    • Guillermo Prat, Bárbara Constanza Lorea, Camilo Ruiz, Franco Saúl Scarpelli
    Pages 121-134
  7. 3D Reconstruction from CT Images Using Free Software Tools

    • Soraia Figueiredo Paulo, Daniel Simões Lopes, Joaquim Jorge
    Pages 135-157
  8. High Fidelity 3D Anatomical Visualization of the Fibre Bundles of the Muscles of Facial Expression as In situ

    • Zhi Li, John Tran, Jacobo Bibliowicz, Azam Khan, Jeremy P. M. Mogk, Anne Agur
    Pages 185-197
  9. Collaborative VR Simulation for Radiation Therapy Education

    • Haydn Bannister, Ben Selwyn-Smith, Craig Anslow, Brian Robinson, Paul Kane, Aidan Leong
    Pages 199-221
  10. Multi-Touch Surfaces and Patient-Specific Data

    • Anders Ynnerman, Patric Ljung, Anders Persson, Claes Lundström, Daniel Jönsson
    Pages 223-242
  11. Innovations in Microscopic Neurosurgery

    • Iype Cherian, Hira Burhan, Ibrahim E. Efe, Timothée Jacquesson, Igor Lima Maldonado
    Pages 243-256
  12. Simulating Cataracts in Virtual Reality

    • Katharina Krösl
    Pages 257-283
  13. Patient-Specific Anatomy: The New Area of Anatomy Based on 3D Modelling

    • Luc Soler, Didier Mutter, Jacques Marescaux
    Pages 285-297
  14. Virtual and Augmented Reality for Educational Anatomy

    • Bernhard Preim, Patrick Saalfeld, Christian Hansen
    Pages 299-324
  15. The Road to Birth: Using Digital Technology to Visualise Pregnancy Anatomy

    • Donovan Jones, Michael Hazelton, Darrell J. R. Evans, Vendela Pento, Zi Siang See, Luka Van Leugenhaege et al.
    Pages 325-342
  16. Toward Constructivist Approach Using Virtual Reality in Anatomy Education

    • Jinsil Hwaryoung Seo, Erica Malone, Brian Beams, Michelle Pine
    Pages 343-366
  17. A Study of Mobile Augmented Reality for Motor Nerve Deficits in Anatomy Education

    • Margaret Cook, Jinsil Hwaryoung Seo, Michelle Pine, Timothy Mclaughlin
    Pages 367-385

About this book

This book offers readers fresh insights on applying Extended Reality to Digital Anatomy, a novel emerging discipline. Indeed, the way professors teach anatomy in classrooms is changing rapidly as novel technology-based approaches become ever more accessible. Recent studies show that Virtual (VR), Augmented (AR), and Mixed-Reality (MR) can improve both retention and learning outcomes. 


Readers will find relevant tutorials about three-dimensional reconstruction techniques to perform virtual dissections. Several chapters serve as practical manuals for students and trainers in anatomy to refresh or develop their Digital Anatomy skills. We developed this book as a support tool for collaborative efforts around Digital Anatomy, especially in distance learning, international and interdisciplinary contexts. We aim to leverage source material in this book to support new Digital Anatomy courses and syllabi in interdepartmental, interdisciplinary collaborations. 


Digital Anatomy – Applications of Virtual, Mixed and Augmented Reality provides a valuable tool to foster cross-disciplinary dialogues between anatomists, surgeons, radiologists, clinicians, computer scientists, course designers, and industry practitioners. It is the result of a multidisciplinary exercise and will undoubtedly catalyze new specialties and collaborative Master and Doctoral level courses world-wide. In this perspective, the UNESCO Chair in digital anatomy was created at the Paris Descartes University in 2015 (www.anatomieunesco.org). It aims to federate the education of anatomy around university partners from all over the world, wishing to use these new 3D modeling techniques of the human body.



Editors and Affiliations

  • Paris Descartes University, Paris, France

    Jean-François Uhl

  • INESC-ID Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

    Joaquim Jorge

  • INESC-ID Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal

    Daniel Simões Lopes

  • Department of Informatics, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal

    Pedro F. Campos

Bibliographic Information

  • Book Title: Digital Anatomy

  • Book Subtitle: Applications of Virtual, Mixed and Augmented Reality

  • Editors: Jean-François Uhl, Joaquim Jorge, Daniel Simões Lopes, Pedro F. Campos

  • Series Title: Human–Computer Interaction Series

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61905-3

  • Publisher: Springer Cham

  • eBook Packages: Computer Science, Computer Science (R0)

  • Copyright Information: The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

  • Hardcover ISBN: 978-3-030-61904-6Published: 15 May 2021

  • Softcover ISBN: 978-3-030-61907-7Published: 15 May 2022

  • eBook ISBN: 978-3-030-61905-3Published: 14 May 2021

  • Series ISSN: 1571-5035

  • Series E-ISSN: 2524-4477

  • Edition Number: 1

  • Number of Pages: XIV, 385

  • Number of Illustrations: 16 b/w illustrations, 202 illustrations in colour

  • Topics: User Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction, Anatomy, Simulation and Modeling, Computer Graphics, General Surgery

Buy it now

Buying options

eBook USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Other ways to access