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Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality

A Global Perspective

  • Open access book providing a comprehensive overview of income inequality and socio-economic segregation in large cities
  • Offers a systematic comparison of changes in income inequality and socio-economic segregation on a global level
  • Focuses on occupational and socio-economic segregation
  • Includes supplementary material: sn.pub/extras

Part of the book series: The Urban Book Series (UBS)

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Table of contents (27 chapters)

  1. Front Matter

    Pages i-xvi
  2. Introduction

    1. Front Matter

      Pages 1-1
    2. Rising Inequalities and a Changing Social Geography of Cities. An Introduction to the Global Segregation Book

      • Maarten van Ham, Tiit Tammaru, Rūta Ubarevičienė, Heleen Janssen
      Pages 3-26Open Access
    3. Residential Segregation Between Income Groups in International Perspective

      • Andre Comandon, Paolo Veneri
      Pages 27-45Open Access
  3. Africa

    1. Front Matter

      Pages 47-47
    2. Social Inequality and Spatial Segregation in Cape Town

      • Ivan Turok, Justin Visagie, Andreas Scheba
      Pages 71-90Open Access
    3. Income Inequality and Socio-economic Segregation in the City of Johannesburg

      • Richard Ballard, Christian Hamann
      Pages 91-109Open Access
  4. Asia

    1. Front Matter

      Pages 111-111
    2. Dual Land Regime, Income Inequalities and Multifaceted Socio-Economic and Spatial Segregation in Hong Kong

      • Mee Kam Ng, Yuk Tai Lau, Huiwei Chen, Sylvia He
      Pages 113-133Open Access
    3. Income Inequality and Socioeconomic Segregation in Jakarta

      • Deden Rukmana, Dinar Ramadhani
      Pages 135-152Open Access
    4. Socio-spatial Segregation and Exclusion in Mumbai

      • Abdul Shaban, Zinat Aboli
      Pages 153-170Open Access
  5. Australia

    1. Front Matter

      Pages 227-227
  6. Europe

    1. Front Matter

      Pages 247-247
    2. Making Sense of Segregation in a Well-Connected City: The Case of Berlin

      • Talja Blokland, Robert Vief
      Pages 249-270Open Access
    3. Socio-spatial Disparities in Brussels and its Hinterland

      • Rafael Costa, Helga A. G. de Valk
      Pages 271-291Open Access

About this book

This open access book investigates the link between income inequality and socio-economic residential segregation in 24 large urban regions in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. It offers a unique global overview of segregation trends based on case studies by local author teams. The book shows important global trends in segregation, and proposes a Global Segregation Thesis.


Rising inequalities lead to rising levels of socio-economic segregation almost everywhere in the world. Levels of inequality and segregation are higher in cities in lower income countries, but the growth in inequality and segregation is faster in cities in high-income countries. This is causing convergence of segregation trends. Professionalisation of the workforce is leading to changing residential patterns. High-income workers are moving to city centres or to attractive coastal areas and gated communities, while poverty is increasingly suburbanising. As a result,the urban geography of inequality changes faster and is more pronounced than changes in segregation levels. Rising levels of inequality and segregation pose huge challenges for the future social sustainability of cities, as cities are no longer places of opportunities for all.

Editors and Affiliations

  • Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Department of Urbanism, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

    Maarten van Ham, Tiit Tammaru, Rūta Ubarevičienė, Heleen Janssen

  • School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK

    Maarten van Ham

  • Department of Geography, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

    Tiit Tammaru

  • Institute of Sociology, Department of Regional and Urban Studies, Lithuanian Centre for Social Sciences, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Rūta Ubarevičienė

About the editors

Maarten van Ham is Professor of Urban Geography at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands, and Professor of Geography at the University of St Andrews in the UK. In Delft, he leads the Urban Studies group and is head of the Department of Urbanism at the Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment. Van Ham studied economic geography at Utrecht University, where he obtained his PhD with honours in 2002. In 2011, he was appointed full Professor in both St Andrews and Delft. Van Ham has published over 110 academic papers and 11 edited books. He is a highly cited academic with research projects in the UK, The Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Lithuania, Estonia, Spain, and China. Maarten has expertise in the fields of urban poverty and inequality, segregation, residential mobility and migration; neighbourhood effects; urban and neighbourhood change; housing market behaviour and housing choice; geography of labour markets; spatial mismatch of workers and employment opportunities. In 2014, van Ham was awarded a 2 million Euro ERC Consolidator Grant for a 5-year research project on neighbourhood effects (DEPRIVEDHOODS).


Tiit Tammaru is Professor of Urban and Population Geography and Head of the Chair of Human Geography at the Department of Geography, University of Tartu. He is the member of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Tammaru leads the development of longitudinal linked censuses and registers data for urban and population geographic studies in Estonia. He was trained in human geography and received a doctoral degree from the University of Tartu in 2001. In 2018 he was a Visiting Professor at the Neighbourhood Change and Housing research group at the Department OTB – Research for the Built Environment, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology. He has also worked a guest researcher at the Department of Geography, University of Utah, and Department of Geography, Umeå University. He is the Editorial Board member of Social Inclusion. Tammaru is theorizing the paradigmatic shift in segregation studies from residential neighborhood approach to activity space-based approach. Together with colleagues from Delft and Tartu he is developing the concept of vicious circle of segregation that focusses on how social and ethnic inequality and segregation are produced and reproduced across multiple life domains: homes, workplaces, schools, leisure time activity sites.


Rūta Ubarevičienė is a researcher with a background in urban and regional geography as well as sociology. Rūta has successfully defended two PhD thesis in these fields. In 2017 she obtained PhD degree from Delft University of Technology, and in 2018 from Lithuanian Social Research Centre. Currently Rūta is a postdoctoral researcher in the Urban Studies research group at the Department of Urbanism, Delft University of Technology and in the Institute of Human Geography and Demography at the Lithuanian Social Research Centre. Using spatial analysis and statistical techniques, she analyses global and local spatial processes of the social and economic systems. Her research interests include socio-spatial inequalities, social segregation, depopulation, internal migration, and post-socialist change.


Heleen Janssen is an Assistant Professor in the Urban Studies research group at the Department of Urbanism of Delft University of Technology. She is a social scientist with a background in Sociology and Criminology and received her doctoral degree from Utrecht University in 2016. Her main research interests include urban sociology, crime and delinquency, spatial inequality, segregation, ethnic diversity, social cohesion and neighborhood effects. Heleen is affiliated to the independent research group Space, Contexts, and Crime at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law (Freiburg, Germany). Heleen has previously worked atthe Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law (Freiburg, Germany) and the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR; Amsterdam, the Netherlands).


Bibliographic Information

Buy it now

Buying options

Hardcover Book USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Other ways to access