Asthma: Pathophysiology, Herbal and Modern Therapeutic Interventions

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-ix

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2. Asthma

   • Sheikh Rayees, Inshah Din

   Pages 1-1

3. Types of Asthma

   • Sheikh Rayees, Inshah Din

   Pages 3-5

4. Airway Inflammation and Airway Hyperresponsiveness

   • Sheikh Rayees, Inshah Din

   Pages 7-7

5. Effects of Inflammation

   • Sheikh Rayees, Inshah Din

   Pages 9-11

6. Inflammatory Cells Involved in Asthma

   • Sheikh Rayees, Inshah Din

   Pages 13-16

7. Transcription Factors Involved in Th2 Cell Differentiation

   • Sheikh Rayees, Inshah Din

   Pages 17-18

8. Current Asthma Treatments

   • Sheikh Rayees, Inshah Din

   Pages 19-25

9. Cytokine-Based Therapies

   • Sheikh Rayees, Inshah Din

   Pages 27-32

10. Transcription Factor Modulators

    • Sheikh Rayees, Inshah Din

    Pages 33-34

11. Preclinical Mouse Models of Asthma Used to Evaluate Drug Efficacy and Properties and Associated Drawbacks

    • Sheikh Rayees, Inshah Din

    Pages 35-36

12. Herbal Treatments of Asthma

    • Sheikh Rayees, Inshah Din

    Pages 37-37

13. Traditional Plants with Anti-asthmatic Potential

    • Sheikh Rayees, Inshah Din

    Pages 39-42

14. Asthma Chinese Herbal Remedies

    • Sheikh Rayees, Inshah Din

    Pages 43-49

15. Future Potential of Herbal-Based Medicinal Treatment for Management of Asthma

    • Sheikh Rayees, Inshah Din

    Pages 51-51

16. Back Matter

    Pages 53-69

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Asthma is a chronic airway disease affecting over 300 million people worldwide with an expected increase of an additional 100 million by 2025. Past decade has observed a notable increase in asthma prevalence on both national and global levels with highest rates observed in western countries (about 30%). Over the past 40 years, a drastic increase in global prevalence, morbidity, mortality, and economic burden have been observed due to asthma especially in children. The rising numbers of hospital admissions for asthma, especially young children, reflect an increase in severe asthma, poverty and lack of proper disease management. Worldwide, approximately 180,000 deaths annually are caused due to this condition. The financial burden on a single asthma patient per year in different western countries ranges from US$300–1,300.


Asthma is an intricate respiratory disorder with differences in its severity, natural history and hence treatment response. These differences in intensities of various presentations such as bronchial hyper-responsiveness, airway inflammation, mucus production, airflow obstruction make asthma a heterogeneous disease. The mainstay of current therapies for asthma includes inhaled corticosteroids, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, leukotriene modifiers and β2-adrenoceptor agonists. Some of the currently available drugs are efficient in one or more aspects. However the associated side effects or heterogeneity of the disease limit their usefulness and efficacy, thereby putting a demand on development of new drugs and therapies. On the other hand, asthma has also been treated/managed via herbal medications. These approaches have been described in Unani, Ayurvedic or Chinese system of medicine since antiquity. In fact, several anti-asthmatic drugs were developed from herbs commonly utilized in the non-Western system of medicine.


This book focuses on the pathophysiology of asthma, its medication (both herbaland modern), limitations and their future prospects.

• Interleukins
• pathophysiology
• etiology
• herbal medication
• modern therapeutic interventions
• medicinal plants
• mechanisms of disease
• asthma

• Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA

  Sheikh Rayees

• Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, India

  Inshah Din

Dr Rayees Sheikh is a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Illinois at Chicago. His research focuses on the inflammation signaling mechanisms of lung diseases. He was recently awarded prestigious Ramalingaswami Fellowship by Department of Biotechnology, Government of India. He has published extensively in international peer-reviewed journals as well as contributed book chapters on plant-based therapeutics for human disorders.


Dr Inshah Din is a research scholar at Government Medical College at Srinagar, India. She also worked as  a Junior Reseach Fellow at the prestigious Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, and has published primary research articles and book chapters with international publishing houses. Her clinical research evaluates the possible connection between diabetes development via the adipokine and vitamin D axis. Her other work studies the efficacy of herbal medicine on chronic human conditions.

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