Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xvii

   PDF

2. Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles: Introduction

   • Amgad Elgowainy

   Pages 1-4

3. Sustainable Transportation

   • Mehrdad Ehsani

   Pages 5-25

4. Internal Combustion Engines, Alternative Fuels for

   • Thomas Wallner, Scott A. Miers

   Pages 27-66

5. Vehicle Dynamics and Performance

   • Yimin Gao

   Pages 67-90

6. Life-Cycle Analysis of Vehicle Lightweighting: A Review

   • Jarod C. Kelly, Qiang Dai

   Pages 91-104

7. Vehicle Biofuels

   • Mark Holtzapple

   Pages 105-131

8. Electric, Hybrid Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles, Architectures of

   • Yimin Gao

   Pages 133-157

9. PHEVs and BEVs in Coupled Power and Transportation Systems

   • Mladen Kezunovic, S. Travis Waller

   Pages 159-178

10. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

    • Mehrdad Ehsani

    Pages 179-190

11. Fuel Cell-Powered HEV Design and Control

    • E. Ubong, J. Gover

    Pages 191-200

12. Energy Consumption of Connected and Automated Vehicles

    • Mascha Brost, Özcan Deniz, Ines Österle, Christian Ulrich, Murat Senzeybek, Robert Hahn et al.

    Pages 201-224

13. Sustainable Vehicle Fuels, Well-to-Wheel Analysis

    • Amgad Elgowainy, Michael Wang, Krishna Reddi

    Pages 225-252

14. Hybrid Electric and Hybrid Hydraulic Technology Applications in Off-Road Vehicles

    • M. Abul Masrur, Vijay K. Garg

    Pages 253-274

15. Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Vehicle Applications

    • Mehrdad Ehsani, Ramin Tafazzoli Mehrjardi, Nima Farrokhzad Ershad

    Pages 275-292

16. Vehicle Energy Storage: Batteries

    • Y. S. Wong, C. C. Chan

    Pages 293-313

17. Batteries, Battery Management, and Battery Charging Technology

    • Robert S. Balog, Ali Davoudi

    Pages 315-352

18. Battery Technologies

    • Ramakrishnan Mahadevan, Mohit Chhabra, Puneet Pasrich, Frank Barnes

    Pages 353-393

19. Lithium-Ion Batteries for Automotive Applications: Life Cycle Analysis

    • Qiang Dai, Jarod C. Kelly

    Pages 395-405

20. Energy Storage: Ultracapacitor

    • Andrew Burke

    Pages 407-442

This volume of "Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, Second Edition," covers the electrification of vehicles, which is key to a sustainable future of transportation in both light-duty and heavy-duty vehicle sectors to address global concerns of climate change, air pollutant emissions, energy efficiency and energy security. Vehicle electrification includes several existing and emerging technologies and powertrain architectures such as conventional hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrids with various electric driving range, short- and long-range battery electric vehicles, as well as hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Electrification will be key to connected autonomous vehicles, which are perceived to improve mobility, increase safety, reduce energy consumption and infrastructure costs, improve productivity, decrease traffic congestion and increase customer satisfaction. While electrification of vehicle technologies is relatively mature, technology improvement and economies of scale are needed to compete against incumbent technologies and to realize their benefits in the marketplace. Significant infrastructure development is needed in the case of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and to a lesser extent for plug-in electric vehicles.


Vehicle efficiency improvement is sought through a combination of several approaches, including weight reduction, engine downsizing, increased engine compression ratio with high octane fuels, and the use of compression ignition engines with low octane fuels. Liquid hydrocarbon fuels are needed in applications where high storage energy density is required such as long-haul class-8 combination heavy-duty trucks. Shared mobility is another emerging concept that enables access to transportation services on an as-needed basis. This approach can enhance accessibility to transportation, decrease number of vehicles on the road, reduce energy use and impact on the environment, reduce costof transportation and the need for parking, and reduce transportation time between origin and destination. In all, the reader will receive a comprehensive introduction to electric vehicles and technology trends, including energy storage, in light-, medium-, and heavy-duty sectors, as well as the infrastructure development that will be required to realize these benefits for society.

• hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
• fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs)
• plug-in electric vehicles (PEV)
• shared mobility solutions
• infrastructure needs for EVs
• improving internal combustion efficiency
• Bio-based liquid hydrocarbon fuels

• Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, USA

  Amgad Elgowainy

Dr. Amgad Elgowainy is currently a senior scientist and the leader of the Electrification and Infrastructure Group at Argonne National Laboratory, providing technical guidance to a team of 20 researchers on projects covering engineering process modeling, environmental life cycle analysis, and technoeconomic analysis of alternative energy systems and fuel/vehicle technologies. Dr. Elgowainy has been serving as a technical expert on several government and auto/energy industry partnerships and has led the collaborative cradle-tograve (C2G) economic and environmental analysis of light-duty vehicles. He served as the US expert in several of the International Energy Agency Annexes on electric vehicles and large-scale hydrogen infrastructure. He is currently representing the USA in the International Partnership of Hydrogen Economy to develop greenhouse gas emissions accounting methodology for international hydrogen production certificate of origin, and is also supporting the AmmoniaEnergy Association with developing a low-carbon certification scheme for the ammonia industry. Dr. Elgowainy is co-leading the development of the environmental life cycle analysis suite of models (GREET® ) and has led the development of the hydrogen infrastructure technoeconomic suite of models (HDSAM). His models are recognized globally and used by thousands of researchers worldwide. Dr. Elgowainy earned his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of New York at Buffalo in 1994 and has taught many undergraduate and graduate engineering and environmental courses at University of Chicago, Purdue Northwest, Tennessee State University, and University at Buffalo. In 2020 he was recognized by DOE Secretary Achievement Award related to his role in the Integrated Energy Systems Team xiii for efforts to establish nuclear hydrogen demonstration projects. Dr. Elgowainy authored several book chapters on electrification of transportation and low carbon fuels and authored and coauthored over 130 peerreviewed publications.

Policies and ethics