Advanced Memory Optimization Techniques for Low-Power Embedded Processors

1. Front Matter

   Pages I-XII

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2. Introduction

   Pages 1-7

3. Related Work

   Pages 9-15

4. Memory Aware Compilation and Simulation Framework

   Pages 17-30

5. Non-Overlayed Scratchpad Allocation Approaches for Main/Scratchpad Memory Hierarchy

   Pages 31-47

6. Non-Overlayed Scratchpad Allocation Approaches for Main/Scratchpad + Cache Memory Hierarchy

   Pages 49-82

7. Scratchpad Overlay Approaches for Main/Scratchpad Memory Hierarchy

   Pages 83-119

8. Data Partitioning and Loop Nest Splitting

   Pages 121-139

9. Scratchpad Sharing Strategies for Multiprocess Applications

   Pages 141-166

10. Conclusions and Future Directions

    Pages 167-170

11. Back Matter

    Pages 171-188

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In a relatively short span of time, computers have evolved from huge mainframes to small and elegant desktop computers, and now to low-power, ultra-portable handheld devices. Witheachpassinggeneration,computersconsistingofprocessors,memoriesandperipherals becamesmallerandfaster.Forexample,the?rstcommercialcomputerUNIVACIcosted $1 million dollars, occupied 943 cubic feet space and could perform 1,905 operations per second [94]. Now, a processor present in an electric shaver easily outperforms the early mainframe computers. The miniaturization is largely due to the efforts of engineers and scientists that made the expeditious progress in the microelectronic technologies possible. According to Moore’s Law [90], the advances in technology allow us to double the number of transistors on a single silicon chip every 18 months. This has lead to an exponential increase in the number of transistors on a chip, from 2,300 in an Intel 4004 to 42 millions in Intel Itanium processor [55]. Moore’s Law has withstood for 40 years and is predicted to remain valid for at least another decade [91]. Notonlytheminiaturizationanddramaticperformanceimprovementbutalsothesign- icantdropinthepriceofprocessors,hasleadtosituationwheretheyarebeingintegratedinto products, such as cars, televisions and phones which are not usually associated with c- puters.This new trend has also been called the disappearing computer, where the computer does not actually disappear but it is everywhere [85]. Digital devices containing processors now constitute a major part of our daily lives. Asmalllistofsuchdevicesincludesmicrowaveovens,televisionsets,mobilephones,digital cameras, MP3 players and cars. Whenever a system comprises of information processingdigitaldevicestocontrolortoaugmentitsfunctionality,suchasystemistermedanembedded system. Therefore, all the above listed devices can be also classi?ed as embedded systems.

• architecture
• compiler optimizations
• complexity
• digital signal processor
• embedded systems
• energy/power optimizations
• memory architectures
• optimization
• processor
• system design
• system on chip (SoC)
• timing predictability

• Altera European Technology Center, High Wycombe, UK

  Manish Verma

• University of Dortmund, Germany

  Peter Marwedel

Prof. Peter Marwedel has published numerous books with Springer

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