Lipid-Soluble Antioxidants: Biochemistry and Clinical Applications

1. Front Matter

   Pages I-XII

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2. Vitamin E: Tocopherols and Tocotrienols and Ubiquinones

   1. New Horizons in Vitamin E Research — The Vitamin E Cycle, Biochemistry, and Clinical Applications

      • L. Packer

      Pages 1-16

   2. The Reactivity of Tocotrienols and Other Lipid-Soluble Antioxidants Towards Peroxyl Radicals

      • Cacang Suarna, Roger T. Dean, Roland Stocker

      Pages 17-26

   3. Physical/Chemical Studies of Vitamin E in Membranes

      • Girjesh Govil, Ratna S. Phadke, Sudha Srivastava

      Pages 27-46

   4. Synergistic Effect of Lipid Hydroperoxyl Radical Scavenging and Lipid Hydroperoxide Reduction in the Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation in Biomembranes

      • Matilde Maiorino, Fulvio Ursini

      Pages 47-51

   5. Determination of Rate Constants for Antioxidant Activity and use of the Crocin Assay

      • Wolf Bors, Christa Michel, Manfred Saran

      Pages 52-64

   6. Vitamin E in Protection of Oxidative Impairment in Endothelial and Platelet Functions

      • I. Tomita, Y. Zhou, M. Ezaki, T. Onda, T. Tomita

      Pages 65-75

   7. Antioxidant Effectiveness of Tocopherol Isomers

      • G. G. Duthie, D. B. McPhail, P. C. Morrice, J. R. Arthur

      Pages 76-84

   8. Effect of Vitamin E on Metabolism of Uremic Low Density Lipoproteins in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophage

      • S. Yukawa, A. Hibino, T. Maeda, H. Nomoto, I. Nishide

      Pages 85-91

   9. Difference of Antioxidative Effect Between Vitamin E and Selenium

      • L. Z. Zhu, Y. P. He, J. H. Piao, Q. Y. Cai, C. P. Sun, J. Zh. Chang et al.

      Pages 92-104

   10. Tocopherol and Tocotrienol Plasma Transport and Tissue Concentrations: Implications for Their Relative Biological Functions

       • K. C. Hayes, A. Pronczuk, J. S. Liang, S. Lindsey

       Pages 105-122

   11. Modulation of Cell Proliferation by Tocopherols and Tocotrienols: Role in Arteriosclerosis

       • Angelo Azzi, Daniel O. Boscoboinik, Eric Chatelain

       Pages 123-133

   12. Vitamin E and Health in the Marmoset Monkey: A Non-Human Primate Model for Nutritional Research

       • J. S. Charnock, T. M. Bridle, J. Turner, P. L. McLennan, M. Y. Abeywardena

       Pages 134-151

   13. Antitumor and Antioxidant Activity of Tocotrienols

       • K. Komiyama, M. Hayashi, S. Cha, M. Yamaoka

       Pages 152-159

   14. Tocopherols, Carotenoids and The Glutathione System

       • Helmut Sies, Michael E. Murphy, Paolo Di Mascio, Wilhelm Stahl

       Pages 160-165

   15. Nutrition of Tocotrienols and Lipid Metabolism

       • Michihiro Sugano, Ikuo Ikeda, Katsumi Imaizumi, Kazunori Koba, Takahisa Okamoto, Isao Niiya et al.

       Pages 166-177

3. Carotenoids, Flavonoids and Retinoids

   1. Carotenoids and Vitamin A: An Overview

      • James Allen Olson

      Pages 178-192

   2. Metabolism of Carotenoids by Enzymes of Oxygen Metabolism

      • Louise M. Canfield, Jesus G. Valenzuela, John W. Forage

      Pages 193-207

   3. Role of β-carotene in disease prevention with special reference to cancer

      • Vishwa N. Singh

      Pages 208-227

   4. Anti-Tumor and Anti-Tumor Promoting Activity of α- and β-Carotene

      • Hoyoku Nishino, Michiaki Murakoshi, Hirokazu Kitana, Ryozo Iwasaki, Yoshito Tanaka, Miyuki Tsushima et al.

      Pages 228-242

Antioxidants inhibit the formation and spread of free radicals which can be damaging in biological systems. Free radicals form in biological systems through metabolism, but it is also realized that exogenous environmental sources, such as radiation, food, and drugs, contribute significantly to the generation of free radicals in biological systems. Being reactive species, free radicals are short-lived and do not travel far from cellular targets. Their concentration in biological systems is very low and is difficult to detect directly by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). Indirect methods of reactions of radicals with specific biomolecules are also sufficiently sensitive to detect quantitatively their presence. Thus the response of antioxidant defenses which react with radical species, can serve as an indirect measure that free radicals have been formed. Redox-based antioxidants change their oxidation state and antioxidants become free radicals themselves. Often, however, the antioxidants give rise to more persistent free radicals, sometimes owing to delocalization of the lone electron around ring structures (in vitamin E, ubiquinones, and certain carotenes). Persistent free radicals react only rarely and the precursors often can be regenerated in biological systems. In recent years, it is becoming clearer from biochemical studies on how the major lipophilic antioxidants work. Particular attention has been given to vitamin E and quinones found in animal and plant membranes and in carotenoids, for the protection of membranes in lipoprotein systems. Flavonoids form another rich and varied source of natural antioxidants.

• biochemistry
• biomolecules
• membrane
• metabolism
• spectroscopy

• Malaysian Palm Oil Promotion Council, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

  A. S. H. Ong

• Dept. of Molecular and Cell Biology 251 Life Science Addition, Membrane Bioenergetics Group, Berkeley, USA

  L. Packer

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