In Situ Evaluation of Biological Hazards of Environmental Pollutants

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-ix

   PDF

2. Introductory Remarks

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 1-1

      PDF

   2. In Situ Evaluation of Biological Hazards of Environmental Pollutants Introductory Remarks

      • Anne P. Sassaman

      Pages 3-6

3. Industrial and Regulatory Needs

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 7-7

      PDF

   2. Toxicological Research and Related Programs under Superfund

      • Barry L. Johnson, Anne P. Sassaman

      Pages 9-20

   3. Biological Assessment and Ecological Risk Assessment New Tools for Clean-Up Decisions at Hazardous Waste Sites

      • S. B. Norton, J. Benforado, C. Zamuda, A. Mittleman, I. Diwan, R. Fulton

      Pages 21-28

4. Field Studies: Aquatic Systems

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 29-29

      PDF

   2. Bioassessment Methods for Determining the Hazards of Dredged Material Disposal in the Marine Environment

      • J. H. Gentile, G. G. Pesch, K. J. Scott, W. Nelson, W. R. Munns, J. M. Capuzzo

      Pages 31-47

   3. Use of Herring Embryos for In Situ and In Vitro Monitoring of Marine Pollution

      • Richard M. Kocan, Marsha L. Landolt

      Pages 49-60

   4. New Methods for On-Site Biological Monitoring of Effluent Water Quality

      • Henry S. Gardner, William H. van der Schalie, Marilyn J. Wolfe, Robert A. Finch

      Pages 61-69

   5. Micronucleus Test Using Peripheral Red Blood Cells of Amphibian Larvae for Detection of Genotoxic Agents in Freshwater Pollution

      • A. Jaylet, L. Gauthier, C. Zoll

      Pages 71-80

   6. Predicting the Ecological Significance of Exposure to Genotoxic Substances in Aquatic Organisms

      • Susan L. Anderson, Florence L. Harrison

      Pages 81-93

5. Field Studies: Terrestrial Systems

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 95-95

      PDF

   2. Flow Cytometry as a Technique to Monitor the Effects of Environmental Genotoxins on Wildlife Populations

      • John W. Bickham

      Pages 97-108

   3. Developing Comprehensive Field Studies to Identify Subchronic and Chronic Effects of Chemicals on Terrestrial Ecosystems: Ecosystem Health — VI

      • Edward W. Novak, David J. Schaeffer

      Pages 109-118

   4. Earthworm Immunoassays for Evaluating Biological Effects of Exposure to Hazardous Materials

      • Lloyd C. Fitzpatrick, Arthur J. Goven, Barney J. Venables, Jorge Rodriguez-Grau, Edwin L. Coopey

      Pages 119-129

6. Sentinel Surveillance Systems

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 131-131

      PDF

   2. Analytical Epidemiology in Pet Populations for Environmental Risk Assessment

      • Lawrence T. Glickman

      Pages 133-143

   3. Sentinel Animals (Dogs) as Predictors of Childhood Exposure to Environmental Lead Contamination: Observations on Preliminary Results

      • Stephanie R. Ostrowski

      Pages 145-150

   4. Fish Neoplasms Found at High Prevalence in Polluted Waters

      • John M. Grizzle

      Pages 151-161

The study of the relationship between environmental pollution and human health is in its infancy. The number of substances and mixtures that have been identified in uncontrolled hazardous waste sites or that have been in­ advertently released into the environment is large and data on how thes~ substances are modified as they interact with one another as they migrate through soil, air, and water are limited. There are also limits on our un­ derstanding of how these substances may be ingested, inhaled, or absorbed by people. The complexity of possible interactions between biological, chemical, and physical components in a given environment makes it virtually impossible to evaluate the potential for adverse biological effects ade­ quately in the laboratory. Other, more comprehensive methods which provide realistic and interpretable results must be used. Many scientists believe that humans represent the ultimate sentinel species of a toxic exposure re­ sUlting from environmental pollution, however such exposures may also se­ verely impact environmental health. There exists a wide variety of organ­ isms in the natural environment that could be used to provide an early warning for potential human health effects as well as to indicate adverse ecological effects. The issue of effective utilization of sentinel species for environment­ al monitoring is a rapidly developing area of research which has grown in importance during the last decade.

• Biom
• Biomonitoring
• Water pollution
• ecosystem
• ecosystems
• ecotoxicity
• environment
• environmental contamination
• environmental risk assessment
• pollution
• terrestrial ecosystem
• terrestrial ecosystems
• toxicity
• ecotoxicology

• US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, USA

  Shahbeg S. Sandhu

• University of Missouri, Columbia, USA

  William R. Lower

• Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, USA

  Frederick J. Serres

• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, USA

  William A. Suk

• Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, USA

  Raymond R. Tice

Policies and ethics