New Directions for Medical Education

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xx

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2. The Need: New Ways to Train Doctors

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 1-1

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   2. Toward the Education of Doctors Who Care for the Needs of the People: Innovative Approaches in Medical Education

      • Mack Lipkin Jr.

      Pages 3-16

   3. Needed: A New Way to Train Doctors

      • Derek Bok

      Pages 17-38

   4. A Medical School for the Future

      • David Maddison

      Pages 39-46

3. Community-oriented Medical Education Today

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 47-50

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   2. Important Issues in Community-oriented Medical Education

      • Dan E. Benor, Stevan E. Hobfoll, Moshe Prywes

      Pages 51-65

   3. Implementation of a Community-oriented Curriculum: The Task and the Problems

      • Zohair M. Nooman

      Pages 66-77

   4. Medical Education in Action: Community-based Experience and Service in Nigeria

      • U. Bollag, H. Schmidt, T. Fryers, J. Lawani

      Pages 78-92

   5. Community-based Medical Education in Nigeria: The Case of Bayero University

      • Ola K. Alausa

      Pages 93-99

4. Problem-based Learning: Rationale and Examples

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 101-104

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   2. The Rationale Behind Problem-based Learning

      • Henk G. Schmidt

      Pages 105-111

   3. Problem-based Medical Education: The Newcastle Approach

      • Roderick L. B. Neame

      Pages 112-146

   4. Toward an Emphasis on Problem Solving in Teaching and Learning: The McMaster Experience

      • John C. Sibley

      Pages 147-156

5. Evaluation in Innovative Medical Education

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 157-163

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   2. Evaluation of Health Sciences Education Programs: Program and (Student) Assessment at McMaster University

      • Victor Neufeld, John C. Sibley

      Pages 165-179

   3. The Evaluation System at the Maastricht Medical School

      • Maarten Verwijnen, Tjaart Imbos, Hetty Snellen, Betsy Stalenhoef, Marjan Pollemans, Scheltus van Luyk et al.

      Pages 180-195

   4. Issues and Guidelines for Student and Program Evaluation

      • Victor Neufeld

      Pages 196-205

   5. Teaching and Measuring Interviewing Skills in the Maastricht Medical Curriculum

      • Herro F. Kraan, Alfons A. M. Crijnen, Jaap Zuidweg, Cees van der Vleuten, Tjaart Imbos

      Pages 206-219

   6. How Effective Are Problem-based, Community-oriented Curricula: Experienced Evidence

      • Henk G. Schmidt

      Pages 220-229

Primary care medicine is the new frontier in medicine. Every nation in the world has recognized the necessity to deliver personal and primary care to its people. This includes first-contact care, care based in a positive and caring personal rela­ tionship, care by a single healthcare provider for the majority of the patient's prob­ lems, coordination of all care by the patient's personal provider, advocacy for the patient by the provider, the provision of preventive care and psychosocial care, as well as care for episodes of acute and chronic illness. These facets of care work most effectively when they are embedded in a coherent integrated approach. The support for primary care derives from several significant trends. First, technologically based care costs have rocketed beyond reason or availability, occurring in the face of exploding populations and diminishing real resources in many parts of the world, even in the wealthier nations. Simultaneously, the primary care disciplines-general internal medicine and pediatrics and family medicine-have matured significantly. They have become viable alternatives to the specialty approach to care with its potential dehumanization, coordination problems, and increased cost.

• assessment
• care
• health
• medical education
• medicine

• University of Limburg, The Netherlands

  Henk G. Schmidt, Marten W. Vries, Jacobus M. Greep

• New York University Medical Center, School of Medicine, New York, USA

  Mack Lipkin

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