Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xii

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2. General Introduction

   Pages 1-8

3. Historical Background

   Pages 9-17

4. Language, Culture, and Identity

   Pages 19-46

5. Arabic

   Pages 47-70

6. Berber

   Pages 71-96

7. French

   Pages 97-110

8. Foreign Languages

   Pages 111-121

9. Bilingualism

   Pages 123-138

10. Code Switching and its Social Significance

    Pages 139-155

11. Language Use and Language Attitudes

    Pages 157-198

12. Language Policy, Literacy, and Education

    Pages 199-227

13. Back Matter

    Pages 229-253

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In this book, I attempt to show how colonial and postcolonial political forces have endeavoured to reconstruct the national identity of Morocco, on the basis of cultural representations and ideological constructions closely related to nationalist and ethnolinguistic trends. I discuss how the issue of language is at the centre of the current cultural and political debates in Morocco. The present book is an investigation of the ramifications of multilingualism for language choice patterns and attitudes among Moroccans. More importantly, the book assesses the roles played by linguistic and cultural factors in the development and evolution of Moroccan society. It also focuses on the impact of multilingualism on cultural authenticity and national identity. Having been involved in research on language and culture for many years, I am particularly interested in linguistic and cultural assimilation or alienation, and under what conditions it takes place, especially today that more and more Moroccans speak French and are influenced by Western social behaviour more than ever before. In the process, I provide the reader with an updated description of the different facets of language use, language maintenance and shift, and language attitudes, focusing on the linguistic situation whose analysis is often blurred by emotional reactions, ideological discourses, political biases, simplistic assessments, and ethnolinguistic identities.

• Code-Switching
• bilingual
• culture
• education
• literacy
• multilingual

• University of Fés, Morocco

  Moha Ennaji

Dr. Moha Ennaji is one of Morocco's leading sociolinguists, with research interests in cultural and gender studies, migration, human rights and civil society.  With a Ph.D. from the University of Essex in Education and Linguistics, he is a Full Professor at the Faculty of Letters, University of Fés, Morocco.  He was Chair of the English Department there from 1988-1994 and is presently the Director of the Doctoral Program in Gender Studies.  Dr. Ennaji is the author and/or editor of numerous books and articles on cultural identity, language and education, migration, civil society and women's issues.  His most recent articles are "The effects of Migration on Moroccan Women Left Behind" (Lisbon), and "Language Contact and Arabization in Morocco" published bu Curzon (US) in a book edited by Dr. Aleya Roushdy.  Dr. Ennaji has successfully organized many international conferences on civil society, women and education, sustainable development, and has actively participated in seminars and conferences in Europe, the USA, Africa and the Arab world.  he is currently doing research on the evolution of social policy in Morocco, within the research programme of the United Nations Research Institue for Development (UNRISD). His new co-authored book on Media and the Effects of Male Migration on Women in Morocco will soon be published by Afrique-Orient (Casablanca).  He is also the author of over 70 articles published in national and international specialized journals and newspapers.  In 1997, he was editor of Berber Sociolinguistics in the Maghreb, published by teh International Journal of teh Sociology of Language, Mouton de Gruyter.

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