Non-Classical Crystallization of Thin Films and Nanostructures in CVD and PVD Processes

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xii

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2. Non-classical Crystallization

   • Nong Moon Hwang

   Pages 1-20

3. Thermodynamics of Physical and Chemical Vapour Deposition

   • Nong Moon Hwang

   Pages 21-50

4. Nucleation

   • Nong Moon Hwang

   Pages 51-71

5. Growth

   • Nong Moon Hwang

   Pages 73-99

6. Diamond Synthesis at Low Pressure

   • Nong Moon Hwang

   Pages 101-130

7. Growth Mechanism of CVD Diamond

   • Nong Moon Hwang

   Pages 131-162

8. Growth Mechanism of CVD Silicon

   • Nong Moon Hwang

   Pages 163-180

9. Other Works Related to Non-classical Crystallization of Thin Films and Nanostructures

   • Nong Moon Hwang

   Pages 181-191

10. Experimental Confirmation of Charged Nanoparticles During Atmospheric CVD Using Differential Mobility Analyser

    • Nong Moon Hwang

    Pages 193-222

11. Experimental Confirmation of Charged Nanoparticles at Low Pressure

    • Nong Moon Hwang

    Pages 223-239

12. Deposition Behavior of Charged Nanoparticles

    • Nong Moon Hwang

    Pages 241-259

13. Bias Effect on Deposition Behaviour of Charged Nanoparticles

    • Nong Moon Hwang

    Pages 261-289

14. Charge-Enhanced Kinetics

    • Nong Moon Hwang

    Pages 291-306

15. Implications and Applications

    • Nong Moon Hwang

    Pages 307-329

16. Back Matter

    Pages 331-332

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This book provides a comprehensive introduction to a recently-developed approach to the growth mechanism of thin films and nanostructures via chemical vapour deposition (CVD). Starting from the underlying principles of the low pressure synthesis of diamond films, it is shown that diamond growth occurs not by individual atoms but by charged nanoparticles. This newly-discovered growth mechanism turns out to be general to many CVD and some physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes. This non-classical crystallization is a new paradigm of crystal growth, with active research taking place on growth in solution, especially in biomineralization processes. 


Established understanding of the growth of thin films and nanostructures is based around processes involving individual atoms or molecules. According to the author’s research over the last two decades, however, the generation of charged gas phase nuclei is shown to be the rule rather than the exception in the CVD process, and charged gas phase nuclei are actively involved in the growth of films or nanostructures. This new understanding is called the theory of charged nanoparticles (TCN). This book describes how the non-classical crystallization mechanism can be applied to the growth of thin films and nanostructures in gas phase synthesis.  


Based on the author’s graduate lecture course, the book is aimed at senior undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in the field of thin film and nanostructure growth or crystal growth. It is hoped that a new understanding of the growth processes of thin films and nanostructures will reduce trial-and-error in research and in industrial fabrication processes.

• CVD Phase Diagram
• Chemical Vapor Deposition
• Colloidal Crystallization
• Diamond Deposition
• Driving Force for Deposition
• Electrically Floated Silicon Substrate
• Electrostatic Energy
• Gas Flow Dynamics
• Gas Phase Nuclei
• Graphite Substrate
• Heterogeneous Nucleation
• Homogeneous Nucleation
• Metastable Diamond
• Nano-sized Voids
• Nanowires
• Self-assembly
• Theory of Charged Nanoparticles
• Thermodynamic Paradox
• Void-free Dense Films

• Material Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)

  Nong Moon Hwang

Prof. Hwang’s research interest is in the microstructure evolutions during material processing, especially, abnormal grain growth and thin film growth. The topics are approached both experimentally and theoretically, occasionally using computer simulation. The most focused work has been the theory of charged clusters, which is suggested as a new understanding of thin film growth. This topic is related to the growth mechanism of thin films and nanowires, nanotubes prepared by chemical vapor deposition. The size distribution of charged clusters or nanoparticles is measured by differential mobility analyzer (DMA). He published more than 100 papers in SCI-indexed journals

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