Spatial Cognition

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xxiii

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2. Geography and Cognitive Science

   • Robert Lloyd

   Pages 1-24

3. A Connectionist Approach to Spatial Cognition

   • Robert Lloyd

   Pages 25-43

4. Cognitive Maps

   • Robert Lloyd

   Pages 44-69

5. Storing Spatial Information in Memory

   • Robert Lloyd

   Pages 70-92

6. Spatial Search Processes

   • Robert Lloyd

   Pages 93-118

7. Learning Geographic Information

   • Robert Lloyd

   Pages 119-150

8. Spatial Prototypes

   • Robert Lloyd

   Pages 151-184

9. Similarity

   • Robert Lloyd

   Pages 185-215

10. Neural Network Applications

    • Robert Lloyd

    Pages 216-255

11. Conclusions

    • Robert Lloyd

    Pages 256-264

12. Back Matter

    Pages 265-287

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10.2 Summary of Ideas ..................................................... 256 10.2.1 Spatial Behavior As Rules For Decision Making ................................... 258 10.2.2. Cognitive Mapping ......................................................................... 258 10.2.3. Storing Information ................................................. " ...................... 260 10.2.4. Searching ..................................................................................... 260 10.2.5. Learning ........................................................................................ 261 10.2.6. Judging Similarity .......................................................................... 261 10.2.7 Neural Geographic Information Science (NGIS) .................................... 262 REFERENCES ............................................... 265 INDEX ........................ .............. 279 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................... 287 x LIST OF TABLES Table 8.1: The types of similarity comparisons created for the experiment to determine the effect ofx as a first or second common or distinctive feature (Lloyd, Rostkowska-Covington, and Steinke 1996). Table 9.1: Data used to compute the gravity model using regression and a neural network. Data for all variables are scaled so that the highest value equals 0.9 and the lowest value equals 0.1. Table 9.2: Class means for 11 socio-economic and life-cycle variables for the Black, Integrated, and White classes. Table 9.3: Weights for neuron at row 5 and column 1 that learned the blue horizontal rectangle map symbol. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Spatial cognition is a research area of interest for both geography and psychology. Both disciplines are interested in fundamental ideas related to encoding processes, internal representations, and decoding processes. Figure 1.2: The place names on this map of New Orleans depict the propositions used for navigation by local residents. A similar map appeared in theJune 30, 1991, edition of The Times-Picayune.

• classification
• coding
• cognition
• cognitive science
• fuzzy
• knowledge
• learning
• memory
• networks
• neural networks
• pattern recognition
• perception

• Department of Geography and the Center of Excellence in Geographic Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA

  Robert Lloyd

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