Analogical Reasoning

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-vii

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2. Conceptual and Categorical Theories of Analogical Understanding

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 1-1

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   2. Categories and Analogies

      • Mark Turner

      Pages 3-24

   3. Some Constraints on Embodied Analogical Understanding

      • Mark Johnson

      Pages 25-40

   4. Metaphorical Style as Message

      • P. K. Saha

      Pages 41-61

3. Computational and Cognitive Theories of Analogical Reasoning

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 63-63

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   2. Analogy — From a Unified Perspective

      • Smadar Kedar-Cabelli

      Pages 65-103

   3. Dimensions of Analogy

      • Paul Thagard

      Pages 105-124

   4. Analogical Transfer: Processes and Individual Differences

      • Laura R. Novick

      Pages 125-145

   5. Abstraction-Based Analogical Inference

      • Russell Greiner

      Pages 147-170

   6. Viewing Metaphor as Analogy

      • Dedre Gentner, Brian Falkenhainer, Janice Skorstad

      Pages 171-177

   7. Combining Analogies in Mental Models

      • Mark H. Burstein

      Pages 179-203

   8. Arguing by Analogy in Law: A Case-Based Model

      • Kevin D. Ashley

      Pages 205-224

4. Logical and Probabilistic Theories of Analogical Reasoning

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 225-225

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   2. Determination, Uniformity, and Relevance: Normative Criteria for Generalization and Reasoning by Analogy

      • Todd R. Davies

      Pages 227-250

   3. Analogy by Similarity

      • Stuart Russell

      Pages 251-269

   4. Analogy and Similarity in Scientific Reasoning

      • Ilkka Niiniluoto

      Pages 271-298

   5. Inductive Analogy by Similarity and Proximity

      • Theo A. F. Kuipers

      Pages 299-313

5. Analogy and Information Processing: Perspectives of the Philosophy of Science

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 315-315

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   2. Theories, Family Resemblances and Analogy

      • Mary Hesse

      Pages 317-340

In the last few years, there has been an enormous amount of activity in the study of analogy and metaphor. This is partly because of an interest of artificial intelligence researchers in simulating learning processes using analogy. It also arises from critical examinations of standard theories in the philosophy of language, with their inbuilt literal/meta­ phoric distinction. This volume consists of recent previously unpub­ lished work in this area, with a particular emphasis upon the role of analogies in reasoning and, more generally, their role in thought and language. The papers are contributed by philosophers, computer scientists, cognitive scientists and literary critics. Researchers in these fields whose focus is the study of analogy and metaphor will find much of interest in this volume. These essays can also serve as an introduction to some of the major approaches taken in the investigation of analogy. As noted, this volume brings together the work of researchers in several different disciplines. The various approaches taken with respect to the understanding of analogy tend to be rather different, however, the articles suggest a common conclusion. Analogy and metaphor pervade thought and language; their close investigation thus constitutes a valuable contribution to our understanding of persons. DAVID H. HELMAN Case Western Reserve University vii PART I CONCEPTUAL AND CATEGORICAL THEORIES OF ANALOGICAL UNDERSTANDING MARK TURNER CATEGORIES AND ANALOGIES I want to pursue the following claims: The way we categorize helps explain the way we recognize a statement as an analogy.

• artificial intelligence
• information processing
• intelligence
• learning
• philosophy

• Case Western Reserve University, USA

  David H. Helman

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