Goals and Economic Instruments for the Achievement of Global Warming Mitigation in Europe

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xiii

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2. State of Scientific Knowledge in Climate Change

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 1-1

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   2. Climate and its Influential Factors, Especially the Anthropogenic Enhancement of the Greenhouse Effect and its Possible Impacts — Results of the Second Assessment Report of the IPCC

      • K. Hasselmann, U. Cubasch

      Pages 3-26

   3. The IPCC/OECD/IEA Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme: International Methods for the Estimation, Monitoring and Verification of GHG Emission Inventories

      • Bo Lim, Pierre Boileau, Yamil Bonduki

      Pages 27-38

   4. Necessities and Problems of Coupling Climate and Socioeconomic Models for Integrated Assessments Studies from an Economist’s Point of View

      • Minh Ha-Duong

      Pages 39-53

   5. Climate Change and Integrated Assessment: The Tolerable Windows Approach

      • F. Tóth, G. Petschel-Held, T. Bruckner

      Pages 55-77

   6. Climate Change and Global Change: The Syndrome Concept

      • G. Petschel-Held, F. Reusswig

      Pages 79-95

3. From Scientific Results to the Political Agenda

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 97-97

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   2. A Comparison of GHG Inventories and Reduction Goals for Different Countries in Europe

      • Gordon McInnes

      Pages 99-112

   3. Allocating Emission Reduction Targets in the European Union — Issues and Proposals

      • Ute Collier

      Pages 113-127

   4. The EU Position in the Negotiation Process Towards a Protocol on the Limitation and Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

      • Christoph Bail

      Pages 129-135

4. Political and Economical Instruments — An Overview

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 137-137

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   2. Introduction

      1. The Range of Possible Political and Economical Instruments for the Mitigation of Global Climate Change

         • Jürgen Hacker

         Pages 139-144

      2. A Framework for the Evaluation of Political and Economical Instruments for Global Warming Mitigation

         • Arthur Pelchen

         Pages 145-157

   3. Voluntary Approaches

      1. Global and European Voluntary Approaches in Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on Municipal Level and Their Results

         • Klaus Müschen

         Pages 161-167

      2. Voluntary Commitments to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emissions — The Example of German Industry and Trade

         • Franzjosef Schafhausen

         Pages 169-182

      3. Voluntary Agreements in Climate Protection — Experiences in Germany and Future Perspectives

         • K. Rennings, K. L. Brockmann, H. Bergmann

         Pages 183-204

   4. Taxes

      1. Carbon and Energy Taxes in OECD Countries

         • Richard Baron

         Pages 207-229

      2. European Commission’s Experience in Designing Environmental Taxation for Energy Products

         • Stephen Bill

         Pages 231-237

      3. Limits of the Tax Approach for Mitigating Global Warming

         • Terry Barker

         Pages 239-251

Climate change poses important challenges to research and policy. Within three decades, an issue that was initially confined to the attention of a few scientists became the topic of large-scale research programmes, national and European policies and an international Convention. While significant uncertainties remain on the timing and scale of the changes to be expected and of their impacts, an appreci­ ation emerged of the high ecological, economic, political and social stakes involved and lead to governmental, business and citizens' initiatives. After focusing on the understanding of climate processes and the possible impacts of climate change on ecosystems, European research - and international research more generally - started addressing also the social, economic and policy causes of and responses to climate change. In the meantime, local, national and European measures started being developed to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions, a European target was agreed to achieve the stabilization of carbon dioxide by 2000 at the levels of 1990, the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) was adopted and was followed by its Kyoto Protocol.

• Acid rain
• Climate Change
• Climatology
• Co2 Emission
• Global warming
• Greenhouse gas
• Rain

• Environmental Management Consultancy, UMB Hacker GmbH, Berlin, Germany

  Jürgen Hacker, Arthur Pelchen

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