Basic Aspects of Blood Trauma

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xi

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2. Biological Analysis of Blood Trauma: The Response of the Unspecific Defense System to Foreign Technical Apparatus

   • H. Schmid-Schönbein

   Pages 1-22

3. Considerations of Platelet Function Mechanisms

   • G. V. R. Born

   Pages 23-45

4. Stimulation of Human Platelets under the Influence of High Shear Stresses in Tube Flow

   • R. Forst, H. Rieger, H. Schmid-Schönbein

   Pages 46-62

5. The Induction of Intravascular Thrombi in Vivo by Means of Localised Hydrodynamic Shear Stresses

   • A. R. Williams

   Pages 63-79

6. Species Differences in Platelet Aggregation with Special Reference to Heparin as Anticoagulant

   • L. J. Wurzinger, W. Baldauf, E. Tobias, K. Mottaghy

   Pages 80-100

7. Fluid Dynamic Aspects of the Blood Cell-Vessel Wall Interaction

   • Helmuth Müller-Mohnssen, Michael Kratzer

   Pages 101-133

8. The Role of Surfaces in the Mechanism of Blood Coagulation

   • H. C. Hemker, G. Tans

   Pages 134-158

9. Blood trauma and Hypercoagulability produced by extracorporeal circulation

   • E. Wenzel, I. Volkmer, E. Laux, H. G. Limbach, M. Mierendorf, M. Müller et al.

   Pages 159-183

10. Electro-optical Investigations of the Fibrinogen-Fibrin Conversion in Artificial Membranes

    • P. Baurschmidt, M. Schaldach

    Pages 184-204

11. Fluid Dynamic Aspects of Mechanical Haemolysis

    • Alexander Naumann

    Pages 205-219

12. Cellular Blood Damage Caused By Foreign Materials: An Engineer’s View Of The Problem

    • J. Olijslager, J. Feijen, J. C. F. de Jong, Ch. R. H. Wildevuur

    Pages 220-243

13. Micromechanics of the Red Cell in Viscometric Flow

    • T. M. Fischer, M. Stöhr-Liesen, H. Schmid-Schönbein

    Pages 244-277

14. Effect of extracorporeal circulation with different oxygenators on the volume of red blood cells

    • D. Birnbaum, R. Thom, J. Billich, E. S. Bücherl

    Pages 278-299

15. Mechanical Red Cell Disruption

    • J. Lambert

    Pages 300-321

16. ADP Release from Red Cells Subjected to High Shear Stresses

    • H. Schmid-Schönbein, G. V. R. Born, P. D. Richardson, J. Rohling-Winkel, P. Blasberg, N. Cusack et al.

    Pages 322-348

17. Effects of Cardiac Surgery and Cardio-Pulmonary Bypass on Human Immune System

    • J. Hakim, M.-A. Gougerot-Pocidalo, Y. Lecompte

    Pages 349-364

18. Susceptibility to Infections Related to Extracorporeal Circulation: Sources of Infection, Granulocyte Function and Immunoglobulins

    • K. Deggeller, J. J. A. M. van den Dungen, J. Dankert, J. Marrink, M. R. Halie, G. F. Karliczek et al.

    Pages 365-379

19. Protein Denaturation and the Effect of Heparin during Extracorporeal Circulation

    • J. S. Fleming

    Pages 380-398

20. Condensation of the General Discussion

    • H. Schmid-Schönbein

    Pages 399-402

The contact between the human blood and foreign technical apparatus (circulatory) and respiratory assist devices, arti­ ficial kidneys) leads to changes in the plasmatic and cel­ lular components of the blood, which have often only been taken as signs of gross but passive blood destruction. There is much evidence to support this notion in parts (mechanical cellolysis of erythrocytes and thrombocytes), however, these changes have to be seen in a broader bio­ logical context as an organ-specific reaction of the blood. It is an unjustified oversimplification to simply treat the blood as transport organ for respiratory gases (02 and CO ) and metabolites. The blood is rather also an organ 2 system for specific and unspecific defense mechanisms, di­ rected against the hazards of mechanical, microbiological and toxicological risks posed to multicellular macro-orga­ nisms in an environment in which trauma and other distur­ bances of the physical integrity are common. The two defense systems of the blood are based on humural and cellular constituents; the latter have to be considered as "excitable cells", capable of responding in a predictable and automatic fashion to adequate stimuli. The response of the cellular constituents in controlled and coordinated by chemical mediators. The immunological research of the last century has distinguished two separate defense systems of the blood: I. The highly specific defense system (immune system sen­ sustrictori) which is phylogenetically new and is ontogenetically learned.

• blood
• blood cell
• bypass
• cardiac surgery
• cells
• immune system
• immunoglobulin
• immunology
• infections
• mechanics
• organ
• plasma
• platelet
• stress
• trauma

• Department of Physiology, Rhenish-Westphalian Technical University, Aachen, Federal Republic of Germany

  H. Schmid-Schönbein, P. Teitel

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