Climate and Energy: The Feasibility of Controlling CO2 Emissions

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-2

   PDF

2. Summary and Introduction

   • P. A. Okken, R. J. Swart, S. Zwerver

   Pages 3-17

3. Image: A Tool for Long Term Global Greenhouse Policy Analysis

   • R. J. Swart, J. Rotmans

   Pages 18-27

4. How to Decrease the CO2 Emissions While Saving Money

   • J. Bosma

   Pages 28-40

5. Energy Conservation for a Long Term, Sustainable Energy Policy

   • H. Y. Becht, J. P. Van Soest

   Pages 41-59

6. Prospects for Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction

   • F. M. J. A. Diepstraten, W. Van Gool

   Pages 60-77

7. The Potential of Renewable Energy to Reduce CO2 Emissions

   • E. H. Lysen

   Pages 78-94

8. The Prospects of Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion

   • W. C. Turkenburg, E. A. Alsema, K. Blok

   Pages 95-106

9. Reforestation, a Feasible Contribution to Reducing the Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Content?

   • K. F. Wiersum, P. Ketner

   Pages 107-124

10. The Recovery of Carbon Dioxide from Power Plants

    • C. A. Hendriks, K. Blok, W. C. Turkenburg

    Pages 125-142

11. Storage of Carbon Dioxide in the Oceans

    • Hein J. W. de Baar, Michel H. C. Stoll

    Pages 143-177

12. Disposal of Carbon Dioxide in Depleted Natural Gas Reservoirs

    • A. C. van der Harst, A. J. F. M. van Nieuwland

    Pages 178-188

13. An All-Electric Society for Less CO2?

    • Jan H. C. van der Veer, Toine W. M. van Wunnik

    Pages 189-199

14. Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier to Reduce CO2 Emissions

    • H. Muis, A. F. L. Slob

    Pages 200-215

15. The Carbon-Dioxide Substitution Potential of Methane and Uranium Reserves

    • Bert de Vries

    Pages 216-242

16. Integrated Assessment of Energy-Options for CO2 Reduction

    • T. Kram, P. A. Okken

    Pages 243-260

17. Carbon Dioxide and Policy Options

    • W. van Gool

    Pages 261-267

Rapidly increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, emerging evidence of global warming and the threat of uncontrollable climate feedback mechan:i,sms are now triggering international action to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases. In 1989 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), established by the United Nations Environment Pro­ gramme and the World Meteorological Organization, started preparations for an international convention on climate. This convention is to be followed by protocols (agreements) on the reduction of the emissions of greenhouse gases and other measures and implementation mechanisms to preserve the global climate. After the CFC's, CO is the next in line, as the sources 2 and abatement measures for CH and N 0 are as yet insuffi­ 4 2 ciently understood. However, the abatement of CO . is a far 2 reaching issue. It will require major changes wi thin the most important sectors of the economy: energy (production and use) and agriculture (deforestations and land use pat­ terns). Given this situation it is not so surprising that national governments are hesitant to take action. One reason is the remaining uncertainty regarding the rat,e and the extent of climate change. However, further analysis will show that the uncertainties will be outweighed by the increasing risks when measures to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases are delayed.

• CO2 Emission
• Conservation
• Solar energy
• controlling
• hydrogen
• air pollution and air quality

`... it provides as comprehensive an assessment as is available anywhere ...'
Energy Policy, 1991

• Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Petten (NH), The Netherlands

  P. A. Okken

• National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, The Netherlands

  R. J. Swart, S. Zwerver

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