The Nitrogen Cycle at Regional to Global Scales

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-x

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2. Towards an ecological understanding of biological nitrogen fixation

   • Peter M. Vitousek, Ken Cassman, Cory Cleveland, Tim Crews, Christopher B. Field, Nancy B. Grimm et al.

   Pages 1-45

3. Dinitrogen fixation in the world’s oceans

   • D. Karl, A. Michaels, B. Bergman, D. Capone, E. Carpenter, R. Letelier et al.

   Pages 47-98

4. The origin, composition and rates of organic nitrogen deposition: A missing piece of the nitrogen cycle?

   • Jason C. Neff, Elisabeth A. Holland, Frank J. Dentener, William H. McDowell, Kristina M. Russell

   Pages 99-136

5. Anthropogenic nitrogen sources and relationships to riverine nitrogen export in the northeastern U.S.A.

   • Elizabeth W. Boyer, Christine L. Goodale, Norbert A. Jaworski, Robert W. Howarth

   Pages 137-169

6. Sources of nitrate in rivers draining sixteen watersheds in the northeastern U.S.: Isotopic constraints

   • Bernhard Mayer, Elizabeth W. Boyer, Christine Goodale, Norbert A. Jaworski, Nico Van Breemen, Robert W. Howarth et al.

   Pages 171-197

7. Nitrogen retention in rivers: model development and application to watersheds in the northeastern U.S.A.

   • Sybil P. Seitzinger, Renée V. Styles, Elizabeth W. Boyer, Richard B. Alexander, Gilles Billen, Robert W. Howarth et al.

   Pages 199-237

8. Forest nitrogen sinks in large eastern U.S. watersheds: estimates from forest inventory and an ecosystem model

   • Christine L. Goodale, Kate Lajtha, Knute J. Nadelhoffer, Elizabeth W. Boyer, Norbert A. Jaworski

   Pages 239-266

9. Where did all the nitrogen go? Fate of nitrogen inputs to large watersheds in the northeastern U.S.A.

   • N. Van Breemen, E. W. Boyer, C. L. Goodale, N. A. Jaworski, K. Paustian, S. P. Seitzinger et al.

   Pages 267-293

10. A comparison of models for estimating the riverine export of nitrogen from large watersheds

    • Richard B. Alexander, Penny J. Johnes, Elizabeth W. Boyer, Richard A. Smith

    Pages 295-339

11. Regional analysis of inorganic nitrogen yield and retention in high-elevation ecosystems of the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains

    • James O. Sickman, John M. Melack, John L. Stoddard

    Pages 341-374

12. Yield of nitrogen from minimally disturbed watersheds of the United States

    • William M. Lewis Jr.

    Pages 375-385

13. Nitrogen budgets for the Republic of Korea and the Yellow Sea region

    • V. N. Bashkin, S. U. Park, M. S. Choi, C. B. Lee

    Pages 387-403

14. Regional nitrogen budgets for China and its major watersheds

    • G. X. Xing, Z. L. Zhu

    Pages 405-427

15. Landscape, regional and global estimates of nitrogen flux from land to sea: Errors and uncertainties

    • Penny J. Johnes, Dan Butterfield

    Pages 429-476

16. Policy implications of human-accelerated nitrogen cycling

    • Arvin R. Mosier, Marina Azzaroli Bleken, Pornpimol Chaiwanakupt, Erle C. Ellis, John R. Freney, Richard B. Howarth et al.

    Pages 477-516

17. Back Matter

    Pages 517-519

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This issue is the final report from the International SCOPE Project on Nitrogen Transport and Transformations: A Regional and Global Analysis. SCOPE (the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, ICSU) authorized the Nitrogen Project as an 8-year effort between 1994 and 2002 because of the need to better understand how humans have altered nitrogen cyc1ing globally and at the scale of large regions. Human activity has more than doubled the rate of formation of reactive nitrogen on the land surface of the earth, and the nitrogen cyc1e continues to accelerate. The distribution of this reactive nitrogen is not uniform, though, and some regions such as Europe and Asia have seen massive increases in reactive nitrogen, while other regions have seen little change. The SCOPE Nitrogen Project has synthesized detailed information on the nature of the human alteration of the nitrogen cyc1e through aseries of workshops over the past 8 years. These cumulatively have involved over 250 of previous workshops scientists from over 20 different nations. The results have been published in aseries of special journal issues and reports that synthesize information on nitrogen in the North Atlantic Ocean and its water­ sheds (Howarth 1996), nitrogen cycling in Asia (Hong-Chi Lin et al. 1996; Mosier et al.

• atmosphere
• ecosystem
• environment
• synthesis

• State University of New York, Syracuse, USA

  Elizabeth W. Boyer

• The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Lab, Woods Hole, USA

  Robert W. Howarth

Policies and ethics