New Directions of Oceanographic Research and Development

1. Front Matter

   Pages I-XI

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2. Oceanographic Institutions of the World — Current Activity and Future Plan

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 1-1

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   2. Australia

      1. Interdisciplinary Oceanographic Studies at the Australian Institute of Marine Science

         • Joe Baker

         Pages 3-14

   3. Canada

      1. The Bedford Institute of Oceanography: Current Program and Future Directions

         • Stephen B. MacPhee

         Pages 15-43

   4. China

      1. FIO Marine Research Programs for the 1990s

         • Zeshi Chen

         Pages 44-59

   5. France

      1. IFREMER and the Scientific and Technological Challenges of the Ocean

         • Pierre Papon

         Pages 60-77

   6. Japan

      1. JAMSTEC: Present and Future

         • Isao Uchida

         Pages 78-95

      2. Activities of the Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo and Its Future Development

         • Tomio Asai

         Pages 96-110

   7. USA

      1. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Status and Plans

         • Craig E. Dorman

         Pages 111-121

   8. SIO-Present and Future

      1. Scripps Institution of Oceanography — Present and Future

         • Edward A. Frieman

         Pages 122-137

   9. Russia

      1. Scientific Research at the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology

         • Vyacheslav S. Yastrebov

         Pages 138-140

3. Special Lecture

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 141-141

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   2. Earth’s Environment and Ocean Research

      • Jiro Kondo

      Pages 143-155

4. Panel Discussions

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 157-158

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   2. Research in Deep Seas

      • Noriyuki Nasu, Susumu Honjo

      Pages 159-185

   3. Earth’s Environments and Oceanic Observation

      • Noriyuki Nasu, Susumu Honjo

      Pages 186-216

5. Summary and Closing Address

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 217-218

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   2. Summary and Closing Address

      • Isao Uchida

      Pages 219-221

6. Back Matter

   Pages 223-224

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The earth where we live is the only planet of our solar system that holds a mass of water we know as the ocean, covering 70.8% of the earth's surface with a mean depth of 3,800 m. When using the term ocean, we mean not only the water and what it contains, but also the bottom that supports the water mass above and the atmosphere on the sea surface. Modern oceanography thus deals with the water, the bottom of the ocean, and the air thereon. In addition, varied interactions take place between the ocean and the land so that such interface areas are also extended domains of oceanography. In ancient times our ancestors took an interest in nearshore seas, making them an object of constant study. Deep seas, on the other hand, largely remained an area beyond their reach. Modern academic research on deep seas is said to have been started by the first round-the-world voyage of Her Majesty's R/V Challenger I from 1872 to 1876. It has been only 120 years since the British ship leftPortsmouth on this voyage, so oceanography can thus be considered still a young science on its way to full maturity.

• Geophysics
• marine
• marine science
• ocean
• oceanography

• University of Tokyo, Mihama-ku, Chiba, 261, Japan

  Noriyuki Nasu

• University of Air, Mihama-ku, Chiba, 261, Japan

  Noriyuki Nasu

• Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA

  Susumu Honjo

Policies and ethics