On the Movement of Animals

On the External Motions of Animals and the Involved Forces

1. To the august Queen Christina

   • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

   Pages 1-2

2. Carlo Giovanni from the regular clerics of Jesus, general superior of the arm and pious scholars of the Mother of God

   • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

   Pages 3-5

3. Introduction

   • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

   Pages 6-7

4. Enumeration of what must be assumed in dealing with movement of the animals

   • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

   Pages 7-8

5. Description and function of the muscle

   • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

   Pages 8-14

6. Magnitude of the vital motive power of the muscles according to the ancients

   • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

   Pages 15-16

7. Theorems useful to show the hugeness of the motive power of the muscles

   • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

   Pages 16-18

8. Although contracted with a maximum effort by a determined magnitude of motive power, a muscle sometimes may exert very little or no force

   • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

   Pages 19-20

9. Mechanical lemmas useful to explain the power or the moment of the muscles

   • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

   Pages 20-23

10. The tendons of the muscles must not be attached to the extremities of the articulated bones but well on tuberosities in the vicinity of the joint with their direction oblique to the longitudinal axis of the bone

    • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

    Pages 24-27

11. On the motive power and on the moments of the flexor muscles of the elbow

    • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

    Pages 28-33

12. On the flexor muscles of the lower leg and their action about the knee. Tab. III, Fig. 4.

    • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

    Pages 33-36

13. On the double increase of the forces of the muscles flexing the forearm and the lower leg

    • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

    Pages 36-42

14. On the moment and apparent magnitude of the motive power exerted by the extensor muscles of the lower leg

    • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

    Pages 42-47

15. On the greater increase of the force which, to carry the same load with the same bones, is required from the muscles which are involved in the operation

    • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

    Pages 48-71

16. Lemmas necessary to analyse the motive power of the muscles the fibres of which are not parallel and pull obliquely

    • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

    Pages 72-89

17. On the muscles pulling obliquely, their varying structure and their action

    • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

    Pages 89-96

18. Analysis of the forces exerted by the radial muscles described so far

    • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

    Pages 96-104

19. Lemmas of mechanics necessary for a more accurate analysis of the motive force exerted by the muscles

    • Giovanni Alfonso Borelli

    Pages 104-118