Short-Term Test Systems for Detecting Carcinogens

1. Front Matter

   Pages I-XI

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2. Opening

   1. Opening

      • U. Wölcke

      Pages 1-2

3. Significance and Validity of Short-Term Tests for Detecting Carcinogens — General Considerations

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 3-3

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   2. In Vitro Assays to Predict Carcinogenicity?

      • R. C. Garner

      Pages 5-18

   3. Microbial Assays: Evaluation and Application to the Elucidation of the Etiology of Colon Cancer

      • H. S. Rosenkranz, G. Karpinsky, E. C. McCoy

      Pages 19-57

   4. Validity of Bacterial Short-Term Tests for the Detection of Chemical Carcinogens

      • H. Bartsch, C. Malaveille, A.-M. Camus, G. Brun, A. Hautefeuille

      Pages 58-73

   5. The Significance and Interpretation of in Vitro Carcinogenicity Assay Results

      • J. Ashby

      Pages 74-93

   6. Some Aspects of Bacterial Mutagenicity Testing

      • J. Ellenberger, G. R. Mohn

      Pages 94-102

   7. Mutagenicity of Closely Related Carcinogenic and Noncarcinogenic Compounds Using Various Metabolizing Systems and Target Cells

      • H. R. Glatt, H. Schwind, L. M. Schechtman, S. Beard, R. E. Kouri, F. Zajdela et al.

      Pages 103-126

   8. Possibilities for an Adequate Stepwise Carcinogenicity Testing Procedure

      • D. Steinhoff

      Pages 127-138

4. Correlations Between in Vitro and in Vivo Results — Investigations Using Different Test Systems

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 139-139

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   2. Validity of Test Systems Used in the Detection of Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Properties of Chemical Substances

      • D. Müller

      Pages 141-159

   3. Quantitative Molecular Dosimetry of Ethyl Methanesulfonate (EMS) in Several Genetic Test Systems

      • G. R. Mohn, A. A. van Zeeland, A. G. A. C. Knaap, B. W. Glickman, A. T. Natarajan, M. Brendel et al.

      Pages 160-169

   4. Comparative Results of Short-Term in Vitro and in Vivo Mutagenicity Tests Obtained with Selected Environmental Chemicals

      • D. Wild, K. Eckhardt, E. Gocke, M. T. King

      Pages 170-178

   5. Correlations Between Primary Effects of Xenobiotics on Liver Cells in Vitro and Their Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity in Vivo

      • R. Rickart, K. E. Appel, M. Schwarz, G. Stöckle, W. Kunz

      Pages 179-189

   6. The Microbial Host-Mediated Assay in Comparison with in Vitro Systems: Problems of Evaluation, Predictive Value and Practical Application

      • P. Arni

      Pages 190-198

   7. Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Effects of Antimetabolites

      • E. V. Golovinsky

      Pages 199-205

5. Use of Mammalian Cells for Short-Term Testing of Carcinogens

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 207-207

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   2. Mutagen-Metabolizing Enzymes in Mammalian Cell Cultures: Possibilities and Limitations for Mutagenicity Screening

      • F. J. Wiebel, L. R. Schwarz, T. Goto

      Pages 209-225

   3. Studies on the Detection of Carcinogens Using a Mammalian Cell Transformation Assay with Liver Homogenate Activation

      • J. A. Styles

      Pages 226-238

The varying cancer incidence from country to country and region to region suggests that en­ vironmental factors play a considerable role in the aetiology of cancer. Whether these factors in the environment moderate the effect of car­ cinogenic chemicals or whether they might them­ selves be carcinogenic is not known at the present time. What is known is that there are various chemicals, both naturally occurring and man-made, which can induce cancer in man. In the Western world estimates vary as to how much cancer is occupational in origin; the figures range from 1% to 40%. It is our feeling that probably about 10% of cancer has a direct oc­ cupational origin. Nevertheless this number is considerable and it behoves us therefore to identify those chemicals which are carcinogenic and to reduce human exposure. Recent work on the mode of action of carcinogenic chemicals suggests that the majority exert their effect through an activation step to give elec­ trophilic metabolites. Such metabolites have as a common feature the ability to react with cel­ lular nucleophiles to give covalently bound products. Such reaction will occur after carcino­ gen treatment of animals with nucleic acids par­ ticularly in target organs. It is reaction with nucleic acids that provides the basis of a num­ ber of short-term tests for carcinogens, since the basic composition of DNA is similar in micro-organisms and in human cells.

• DNA
• Mutagenicity
• cancer
• cell
• cell culture
• etiology
• liver
• mutagen
• screening

• Institut für Staublungenforschung und Arbeitsmedizin, Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany

  K. H. Norpoth

• Cancer Research Unit, University of York, Heslington, York, Great Britain

  R. C. Garner

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