Toll-Like Receptor Family Members and Their Ligands

1. Front Matter

   Pages I-IX

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2. Evolution of the TIR, Tolls and TLRs: Functional Inferences from Computational Biology

   • B. Beutler, M. Rehli

   Pages 1-21

3. Plant Disease Resistance: Commonality and Novelty in Multicellular Innate Immunity

   • R. Fluhr, R. N. Kaplan-Levy

   Pages 23-46

4. Signal Transduction Pathways Activated by the IL-1 Receptor/Toll-Like Receptor Superfamily

   • L. A. J. O’Neill

   Pages 47-61

5. Toll Receptors in Drosophila: a Family of Molecules Regulating Development and Immunity

   • J. L. Imler, J. A. Hoffmann

   Pages 63-79

6. Toll-Like Receptors and Their Ligands

   • G. M. Barton, R. Medzhitov

   Pages 81-92

7. Toll-Like Receptor-5 and the Innate Immune Response to Bacterial Flagellin

   • K. D. Smith, A. Ozinsky

   Pages 93-108

8. TLR4 as the Mammalian Endotoxin Sensor

   • B. Beutler

   Pages 109-120

9. TLR2: Cellular Sensor for Microbial and Endogenous Molecular Patterns

   • C. J. Kirschning, R. R. Schumann

   Pages 121-144

10. Bacterial CpG-DNA Licenses TLR9

    • S. Bauer, H. Wagner

    Pages 145-154

11. MyD88 as a Bottle Neck in Toll/IL-1 Signaling

    • O. Takeuchi, S. Akira

    Pages 155-164

12. Heat Shock Proteins as Ligands of Toll-Like Receptors

    • R. M. Vabulas, H. Wagner, H. Schild

    Pages 169-184

13. Back Matter

    Pages 185-192

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On occasion, the innate immune system is referred to as the "primitive" immune system. Perhaps this has dissuaded immu­ nologists from analyzing it as energetically as they have analyzed the adaptive immune system during the past two decades. But while its phylogenetic origins are indeed ancient, and though it is "of the first type", there is nothing crude, nothing unsophisti­ cated, and nothing "inferior" about innate immunity. On the contrary, the innate immune system has had time to achieve a level of refinement that is nothing short of dazzling, and a modicum of respect is at long last due. Any immune system has two cardinal functions. It must destroy a broad range of pathogens, and it must spare the host. The adaptive immune system has applied a modular solution to these problems. Each cell of the adaptive immune system is prescreened to eliminate those that would produce untoward interactions with self; each cell is pre-programmed to recognize a foreign epitope that the host might one day encounter. Hence, the duties of each individual lymphocyte are quite circumscribed.

• Innate immune system
• bacteria
• granulocyte
• immune response
• immune system
• immunity
• innate immunity
• lymphocyte
• macrophage
• microbial pathogenesis
• pathogenesis
• protein
• proteins
• resistance
• toxin

• Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA

  Bruce Beutler

• Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie and Hygiene Technische Universität München, München, Germany

  Hermann Wagner

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