History of Semiconductor Engineering

1. Front Matter

   Pages I-XIII

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2. Prologue

   Pages 1-10

3. Research Organization: Bell Telephone Laboratories

   Pages 11-40

4. Grown Junction and Diffused Transistors

   Pages 41-66

5. Shockley Semiconductor Laboratories

   Pages 67-101

6. Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation — Subsidiary of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Company

   Pages 103-154

7. Driving the Company Out of Business

   Pages 155-174

8. Integrated Circuits outside Fairchild Semiconductor

   Pages 175-227

9. Linear Integrated Circuits: Pre-Widlar Era Prior to 1963

   Pages 229-245

10. Robert J. Widlar — The Genius, The Legend, The Bohemian

    Pages 247-290

11. National Semiconductor — A New Type of Semiconductor Company

    Pages 291-316

12. The MOS Transistor

    Pages 317-374

13. Epilogue

    Pages 375-379

14. Back Matter

    Pages 381-387

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performing ?rms were curtailed following the stock market decline and the subsequent economic slowdown of 2001 and 2002. The Federal Government was once the main source of the nation’s R&D funds, funding as much as 66. 7 percent of all U. S. R&D in 1964. The Federal share ?rst fell below 50 percent in 1979, and after 1987 it fell steadily, dr- ping from 46. 3 percent in that year to 25. 1 percent in 2000 (the lowest it has ever been since 1953). Adjusting for in?ation, Federal support decreased 18 percent from 1987 to 2000, although in nominal terms, Federal support grew from $58. 5 billion to $66. 4 billion during that period. Growth in industrial funding generally outpaced growth in Federal support, leading to the decline in Federal support as a proportion of the total. Fig. 2. Doctorates awarded in Engineering, Physics, and Mathematics: 1995–2002 [Source: National Science Foundation NSF 04–303 (October 2003)] Figure 1 explains the most signi?cant change in the industry which occurred in the early sixties. The industry, with pressure from Wall Street, could not ?nance long-range and risky basic research. The objective of basic research is to gain more comprehensive knowledge or understanding of the subject under study without speci?c applications in mind. Basic research advances scienti?c knowledge but does not have speci?c immediate commercial objectives. Basic research can fail and often will not bring results in a short period of time.

• History of technology
• Microelectronics industry
• development
• integrated circuit
• semiconductor devices
• transistor

From pre-publication reviews

"Your book is going to make a major contribution to semiconductor history. You and I agree that, while the world loves a hero, semiconductor progress depended on the efforts and ideas of a large number of people, and that moving forward depended on contributors going back a few decades in some cases. Also, as is the case with most inventions, a number of people with access to the same pool of common knowledge were working independently at the same time to put it all together and to make the necessary extensions to the existing technology and who realized that the time was right for society to accept the new concepts. Your diligent research points all this out." Dr. Jay Last, former Shockley Laboratories employee, co-founder of Fairchild Semiconductor, co-founder of Amelco Semiconductor, and manager of the Fairchild’s group which design and produced the world first planar integrated circuit

"Bo Lojek presents a remarkable document of the most important and significant technical development of our times. He describes in astounding detail the engineering efforts of modern microelectronics. He concentrates on the history of silicon semiconductor devices. California’s "Silicon Valley" is the center of attention, together with its ancestry of transistor invention at Bell Laboratories. He has collected a wealth of illustrative documentation, gives incisive insight into the lives of the main actors and shows the often tragic fates of the engineers and businessmen. He does not hide his firm believe in the individual engineer and warns of the retarding influence of present-day political correctness." Dr. Hans J. Queisser, former Shockley Semiconductor scientist and retired director of the Max-Planck-Institute for Solids, Stuttgart

"The technical history of the semiconductor industry rivals the 1849 California Gold Rush as a period filled with excitement and opportunity. Although I cannotfirst hand validate its complete accuracy, I enthusiastically encourage you to read the collected facts, opinions, and views of an author who was actually part of this amazing period, viewing it as a successful practicing Engineer during this "gold rush" like hay-day of the semiconductor industry.
For educators and technologists you will find this collection of data, facts, and opinions, collected and observed first hand by the author, fascinating! It is a tough read for others due to the writing experience of the author and its technical focus." John F. Gifford, former Fairchild Semiconductor Marketing Manager of Linear Integrated Circuits, co-founder of Advanced Micro Devices, and President and Chief Executive Officer of Maxim Integrated Products

"Bo Lojek gets it right!  There are few industries as dynamic as semiconductors and the history of the semiconductor industry is still unfolding. This book gives history of the people, places and the technology that resulted in today's semiconductor industry. I particularly like the inclusion of many technical pieces in the book." Robert Dobkin, former National Semiconductor Director of Advanced Circuit Development and co-founder and Chief Technical Officer of Linear Technology Corporation

"This book contains an enormous amount of important material, much of it obtained by intense individual research by the author. The author's viewpoint leads him to different stories and credits from those generally accepted by the media. This feature may make the book more interesting reading for some. However, its real value is as remarkably detailed account of accomplishments that constitutes semiconductor microelectronics." Dr. Morgan Sparks, Former Bell Laboratories scientist, designer of the world's first junction transistor, and retired president of Sandia Laboratories

• ATMEL Corporation, Colorado Springs, USA

  Bo Lojek

Bo Lojek received his Ph.D. in Solid State Physics from Charles University in Prague. He joined the semiconductor industry in the middle of the nineteen sixties and has been working in the industry since then. Currently, he is the Principal Engineer in Atmel Corporation and Adjunct Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Colorado in Colorado Springs. He holds over thirty patents, most of them on the nonvolatile memory cell.

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