Across the Alps in Prehistory

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xiv

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2. Transalpine Mobility and Trade since the Mesolithic

   • Carola Metzner-Nebelsick, Amei Lang, C. Sebastian Sommer, Bernd Steidl

   Pages 1-26

3. The Concept of Isotopic Landscapes: Modern Ecogeochemistry versus Bioarchaeology

   • Gisela Grupe, Stefan Hölzl, Christoph Mayr, Frank Söllner

   Pages 27-48

4. Early Roman Transfer of Animals Across the Alps: Setting the Stage for Interpreting the Results of Isotope Fingerprinting

   • Joris Peters, Markus Gschwind, Ferdinand Neuberger, Bernd Steidl, Simon Trixl

   Pages 49-74

5. The Crystalline State of Archaeological Bone Material

   • Wolfgang W. Schmahl, Balazs Kocsis, Anita Toncala, Dominika Wycisk, Gisela Grupe

   Pages 75-104

6. The Isotopic Fingerprint: New Methods of Data Mining and Similarity Search

   • Markus Mauder, Eirini Ntoutsi, Peer Kröger, Hans-Peter Kriegel

   Pages 105-125

7. Isotopic Map of the Inn-Eisack-Adige-Brenner Passage and its Application to Prehistoric Human Cremations

   • Anita Toncala, Frank Söllner, Christoph Mayr, Stefan Hölzl, Karin Heck, Dominika Wycisk et al.

   Pages 127-227

8. Current Synthesis and Future Options

   • Gisela Grupe, Martin Grünewald, Markus Gschwind, Stefan Hölzl, Peer Kröger, Amei Lang et al.

   Pages 229-250

9. Back Matter

   Pages 251-255

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At the heart of this book is the matter of how isotopic landscapes combined with data mining enriches insights on prehistoric migration and cultural transfer. Isotopic mapping is an indispensable tool for the assessment of mobility and trade in the past, but is limited by eco-geographic redundancies. An interdisciplinary research group focuses on the archaeological isotopic landscape of a reference region of outstanding importance, namely the transalpine migration route via the Brenner Pass which has been in use since the Mesolithic. Over the period of several cultural epochs, cremation was either the most common or exclusive burial custom practiced. For the first time, a systematic and large scale investigation of cremated remains was being conducted in the field of prehistoric migration research.⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁷Pb, ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb and – if applicable - also δ18O were measured in human and animal skeletal finds, an isotopic map was established, and innovative methods of data mining and similarity research have been applied to accomplish this novel approach to studying prehistoric migration and culture transfer. The book has interdisciplinary appeal and scholars working in bioarchaeology, physical anthropology and computer applications in life sciences will find it of particular interest.

• archaeological isotopic landscape
• cremation
• data mining
• human and animal skeletal finds
• isotopic fingerprint
• transalpine migration route

• LMU München Biozentrum Martinsried, Martinsried, Germany

  Gisela Grupe, George C. McGlynn

• Staatssammlung f. Anthropologie und Paläoanatomie, München, Germany

  Andrea Grigat

Prof. Dr. Gisela Grupe is university professor at the biological faculty of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University in Munich and head of the research group „Physical Anthropology and Environmental History“. She is speaker of the Research Group “Transalpine Mobility and Culture Transfer” funded by the German Science Foundation, the work of which gave rise to this book. Until January 2015, she was simultaneously director of the anthropological department of the Bavarian State Collection of Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy in Munich. Her research focus concerns the microstructural organization and stable isotope analysis of archaeological skeletal finds including decomposition research for the scope of reconstructing individual and collective life-histories and the genesis of anthropogenic landscapes.  She obtained her PhD in Physical Anthropology in the year 1986, and her postdoctoral lecture qualification in the field of “Physical Anthropology and Environmental History” in the year 1990. Prior to becoming professor elected in Munich in the year 1991, she was research assistant in the archaeological and anthropological faculties at the University of Göttingen, followed by a Heisenberg Scholarship funded by the German Science Foundation. Being a member of several scientific associations, departmental political activities focused on the German Anthropological Society, where she was a member of the executive board for sixteen years including presidency. She was awarded the Rudolf-Martin-Award of the anthropological society in 1989, the Federal Cross of Merits of the Federal Republic of Germany in 2002, and the Bavarian Award for Academic Teaching in 2003.


Dr. Andrea Grigat is physical anthropologist and is currently employed as temporary maternity leave replacement curator at the anthropological department of the Bavarian State Collection of Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy in Munich. In parallel she offers anthropological services on a freelance basis. Prior to this she has been in charge of the ArchaeoBioCenter at the LMU as executive secretary and scientific coordinator and subsequently as scientific and administrative coordinator of the Research Group “Transalpine Mobility and Culture Transfer” funded by the German Science Foundation. She finished her PhD in physical anthropology in 2014 at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich. Her main research and working fields focus on the osteological analysis of human remains. Dr. Andrea Grigat is member of the German Anthropological Society.


George McGlynn is currently conservator and curator of the anthropological collections at the State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy in Munich, Germany. He received his PhD. at the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität in Munich with a focus on examining high altitude occupation in an alpine context. He previously worked as a freelance anthropologist for the City Archaeology in Hall in Tirol, Austria. His professional interests include bone pathology, analysis of cremated remains, Bronze Age burial practices in Mongolia, and the forensic application of osteology. He was member of the Society for Anthropology executive board in Germany for ten years and also its former president.

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