Optical Imaging of Brain Function and Metabolism

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xi

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2. Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Brain

   1. NMR and Time-Resolved Optical Studies of Brain Imaging

      • B. Chance

      Pages 1-7

   2. Wavelength Dependence of the Differential Pathlength Factor and the Log Slope in Time-Resolved Tissue Spectroscopy

      • M. Essenpreis, M. Cope, C. E. Elwell, S. R. Arridge, P. van der Zee, D. T. Delpy

      Pages 9-20

   3. Towards Human Brain Near Infrared Imaging: Time Resolved and Unresolved Spectroscopy During Hypoxic Hypoxia

      • M. Ferrari, R. A. De Blasi, F. Safoue, Q. Wei, G. Zaccanti

      Pages 21-31

   4. Measurement of Human Hypothermic Cerebral Oxygen Metabolism by Transmission Spectroscopy

      • P. W. McCormick, M. C. Stewart, G. D. Lewis, J. M. Zabramski

      Pages 33-42

   5. Optical CT Imaging of Hemoglobin Oxygen-Saturation Using Dual-Wavelength Time Gate Technique

      • Y. Shinohara, S. Takagi, N. Shinohara, F. Kawaguchi, Y. Itoh, Y. Yamashita et al.

      Pages 43-46

   6. Optical Properties of Normal Human Intracranial Tissues in the Spectral Range of 400 to 2500 NM

      • H. R. Eggert, V. Blazek

      Pages 47-55

3. Imaging of Brain Function Using Intrinsic Signals

   1. Optical Imaging of the Functional Architecture in Cat Visual Cortex: The Layout of Direction and Orientation Domains

      • T. Bonhoeffer, A. Grinvald

      Pages 57-69

   2. Mapping of Neural Activity Patterns Using Intrinsic Optical Signals: From Isolated Brain Preparations to the Intact Human Brain

      • B. A. MacVicar, T. W. J. Watson, F. E. LeBlanc, S. G. Borg, P. Federico

      Pages 71-79

   3. Fiber Optic Imaging of Subcortical Neural Tissue in Freely Behaving Animals

      • D. M. Rector, G. R. Poe, R. M. Harper

      Pages 81-86

   4. Olfactory Information Processing in Insects Revealed by Real-Time Optical Imaging of Intrinsic Signals

      • E. E. Lieke

      Pages 87-94

4. Thermal Imaging of the Brain

   1. Infrared Imaging of Brain Function

      • A. M. Gorbach

      Pages 95-123

   2. IR Thermal Imaging of a Monkey’s Head: Local Temperature Changes in Response to Somatosensory Stimulation

      • J. S. George, J. D. Lewine, A. S. Goggin, R. B. Dyer, E. R. Flynn

      Pages 125-136

5. Optical Measurement of Ion Concentrations in Brain Cells and Tissues

   1. Spatiotemporal Inhomogeneity of [Ca]i in Neurons

      • S. L. Mironov

      Pages 137-143

   2. Intracellular Ion Concentrations in the Brain: Approaches Towards in Situ Confocal Imaging

      • A. Them

      Pages 145-175

6. Optical Access to the Brain Microcirculation

   1. Optical Access to the Brain: How Artificial are Cranial Window Techniques?

      • R. L. Haberl

      Pages 177-181

   2. Multiparametric Imaging of Microregional Circulation over the Brain Cortex by Videoreflectometry

      • A. Eke

      Pages 183-191

   3. Towards Imaging of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism on a Microscopical Scale in Vivo

      • A. Villringer, U. Dirnagl

      Pages 193-202

7. Emerging Optical Techniques

   1. Detection of Brain Free Oxygen Radical Generated Photons in Vivo: Preliminary Results

      • U. Dirnagl, U. Ködel, H. W. Pfister, A. Villringer, L. Schleinkofer, K. M. Einhäupl

      Pages 203-212

   2. Diffusion Properties of Brain Tissue Measured with Electrode Methods and Prospects for Optical Analysis

      • C. Nicholson, L. Tao

      Pages 213-223

• . . . . At last the doctor will be freed from the tedious interpretation of screens and photographs. Instead, he will examine and scan through his patient directly. Wearing optical-shutter spectacles and aiming a pulsed laser torch, he will be able to peer at the beating heart, study the movement of a joint or the flexing of a muscle, press on suspect areas to see how the organs beneath respond, check that pills have been correctly swallowed or that an implant is savely in place, and so on. A patient wearing white cotton or nylon clothes that scatter but hardly absorb light, may not even have to undress . . . . •. David Jones, Nature (1990) 348:290 Optical imaging of the brain is a rapidly growing field of heterogenous techniques that has attracted considerable interest recently due to a number of theoretical advantages in comparison with other brain imaging modalities: it uses non­ ionizing radiation, offers high spatial and temporal resolution, and supplies new types of metabolic and functional information. From a practical standpoint it is important that bedside examinations seem feasible and that the implementations will be considerably less expensive compared with competing techniques. In October 1991, a symposium was held at the Eibsee near Garmisch, Germany to bring together the leading scientists in this new field.

• fluorescence
• imaging
• infrared spectroscopy
• magnetic resonance
• metabolism
• microscopy
• neurons
• optical imaging
• spectroscopy
• temperature
• tissue

• University of Munich, Munich, Germany

  Ulrich Dirnagl, Arno Villringer

• Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany

  Ulrich Dirnagl, Karl M. Einhäupl

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