National Literacy Campaigns

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-x

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2. Introduction

   • Robert F. Arnove, Harvey J. Graff

   Pages 1-28

3. Literacy Drives in Preindustrial Germany

   • Richard L. Gawthrop

   Pages 29-48

4. The Literacy Campaign in Scotland, 1560–1803

   • Rab Houston

   Pages 49-64

5. Literacy Campaigns in Sweden

   • Egil Johansson

   Pages 65-98

6. The Anatomy of Mass Literacy in Nineteenth-Century United States

   • Edward Stevens Jr.

   Pages 99-122

7. Russian Literacy Campaigns, 1861–1939

   • Ben Eklof

   Pages 123-145

8. Literacy Movements in Modern China

   • Charles W. Hayford

   Pages 147-171

9. The 1961 National Cuban Literacy Campaign

   • Marvin Leiner

   Pages 173-196

10. The Experimental World Literacy Program

    • Arthur Gillette

    Pages 197-217

11. Tanzania’s Literacy Campaign in Historical-Structural Perspective

    • Jeff Unsicker

    Pages 219-244

12. Adult Literacy for Development in India

    • H. S. Bhola

    Pages 245-267

13. The 1980 Nicaraguan National Literacy Crusade

    • Robert F. Arnove

    Pages 269-292

14. Adult Literacy Policy in Industrialized Countries

    • Leslie J. Limage

    Pages 293-313

15. Back Matter

    Pages 315-322

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We came to the task of editing this book from different disciplines and back­ grounds but with a mutuality of interest in exploring the concept of literacy campaigns in historical and comparative perspective. One of us is a professor of comparative education who has participated in and written about literacy campaigns in Third World countries, notably Nicaragua; the other is a com­ parative social historian who has written on literacy campaigns in Western his­ tory. Both of us believed that literacy could only be understood in particular As Harvey Graff has noted, "to consider any of the ways in historical contexts. which literacy intersects 'with social, political, economic, cultural, or psychological life ... requires excursions into other records.") Thus, we have set out in this edited collection to explore some five hundred years of literacy campaigns in vastly different societies: Reformation Germany, early modern Sweden and Scotland, the nineteenth-century United States, nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Russia and the Soviet Union, pre­ Revolutionary and Revolutionary China, and a variety of Third World countries in the post-World War II period (Tanzania, Cuba, Nicaragua, and India). In addition, we have included studies of the UNESCO-sponsored Experimental World Literacy Program and recent adult literacy efforts in three industrialized Western countries (the United Kingdom, France, and the United States).

• UNESCO
• comparative education
• education
• literacy

• School of Education, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA

  Robert F. Arnove

• School of Arts and Humanities, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA

  Harvey J. Graff

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