Chloride Channels and Carriers in Nerve, Muscle, and Glial Cells

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xviii

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2. Chloride Carriers

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 1-1

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   2. Methods for Measuring Chloride Transport across Nerve, Muscle, and Glial Cells

      • Francisco J. Alvarez-Leefmans, Fernando Giraldez, John M. Russell

      Pages 3-66

   3. Principles of Cell Volume Regulation Ion Flux Pathways and the Roles of Anions

      • Peter M. Cala

      Pages 67-83

   4. Chloride Transport in the Squid Giant Axon

      • John M. Russell, Walter F. Boron

      Pages 85-107

   5. Intracellular Cl− Regulation and Synaptic Inhibition in Vertebrate and Invertebrate Neurons

      • Francisco J. Alvarez-Leefmans

      Pages 109-158

   6. Chloride Transport across Glial Membranes

      • H. K. Kimelberg

      Pages 159-191

   7. Chloride Channels and Carriers in Cultured Glial Cells

      • H. Kettenmann

      Pages 193-208

   8. Chloride Transport across the Sarcolemma of Vertebrate Smooth and Skeletal Muscle

      • C. Claire Aickin

      Pages 209-249

3. Different Types of Cl− Channels

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 251-251

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   2. Transmitter-Activated Anion Channels

      1. Biophysical Aspects of GABA- and Glycine-Gated Cl− Channels in Mouse Cultured Spinal Neurons

         • Joachim Bormann

         Pages 255-259

      2. GABA-Gated CI− Currents and Their Regulation by Intracellular Free Ca2 +

         • Norio Akaike

         Pages 261-272

      3. Pharmacology and Physiology of Cl− Conductances Activated by GABA in Cultured Mammalian Central Neurons

         • Jeffrey L. Barker, N. L. Harrison, David G. Owen

         Pages 273-297

      4. Acetylcholine-Activated Cl− Channels in Molluscan Nerve Cells

         • Vladimir N. Kazachenko

         Pages 299-330

      5. GABA-Activated Bicarbonate Conductance

         • K. Kaila, J. Voipio

         Pages 331-352

   3. Ca2+-Activated Cl− Channels

      1. Calcium-Dependent Chloride Currents in Vertebrate Central Neurons

         • Mark L. Mayer, David G. Owen, Jeffrey L. Barker

         Pages 355-364

   4. Voltage-Activated Cl− Channels

      1. Hyperpolarization-Activated Chloride Channels in Aplysia Neurons

         • Dominique Chesnoy-Marchais

         Pages 367-382

      2. The Voltage-Dependent Chloride Channel of Torpedo Electroplax

         • Christopher Miller, Edwin A. Richard

         Pages 383-405

      3. Chloride Channels in Skeletal Muscle

         • Andrew L. Blatz

         Pages 407-420

4. Back Matter

   Pages 421-425

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This is a book about how Cl- crosses the cell membranes of nerve, muscle, and glial cells. Not so very many years ago, a pamphlet rather than book might have resulted from such an endeavor! One might ask why Cl-, the most abundant biological anion, attracted so little attention from investigators. The main reason was that the prevailing paradigm for cellular ion homeostasis in the 1950s and 1960s assigned Cl- a ther­ modynamically passive and unspecialized role. This view was particularly prominent among muscle and neuroscience investigators. In searching for reasons for such a negative (no pun intended) viewpoint, it seems to us that it stemmed from two key experimental observations. First, work on frog skeletal muscle showed that Cl- was passively distributed between the cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid. Second, work on Cl- transport in red blood cells confirmed that the Cl- transmembrane distribution was thermodynamically passive and, in addition, showed that Cl- crossed the mem­ brane extremely rapidly. This latter finding [for a long time interpreted as being the result of a high passive chloride electrical permeability(? CI)] made it quite likely that Cl- would remain at thermodynamic equilibrium. These two observations were gener­ alized and virtually all cells were thought to have a very high P Cl and a ther­ modynamically passive Cl- transmembrane distribution. These concepts can still be found in some physiology and neuroscience textbooks.

• attention
• blood cell
• cells
• neurons
• neuroscience
• physiology
• skeletal muscle

• Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico, USA

  Francisco J. Alvarez-Leefmans

• Departamento de Neurobiología, Instituto Mexicano de Psiquiatría, Mexico, USA

  Francisco J. Alvarez-Leefmans

• Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA

  John M. Russell

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