The Changing Carbon Cycle

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xxvi

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2. The Global Atmospheric CO2 Distribution 1968–1983: Interpretation of the Results of the NOAA/GMCC Measurement Program

   • Richard H. Gammon, Walter D. Komhyr, James T. Peterson

   Pages 1-15

3. Simulating the Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Distribution with a Three-Dimensional Tracer Model

   • Martin Heimann, Charles D. Keeling, Inez Y. Fung

   Pages 16-49

4. Presentation of the 20th Century Atmospheric CO2 Record in Smithsonian Spectrographic Plates

   • Gerald M. Stokes, James C. Barnard

   Pages 50-65

5. Atmospheric CO2 Record from Direct Chemical Measurements During the 19th Century

   • Paul J. Fraser, William P. Elliott, L. S. Waterman

   Pages 66-88

6. Review of the History of Atmospheric CO2 Recorded in Ice Cores

   • Hans Oeschger, B. Stauffer

   Pages 89-108

7. Ancient Carbon Cycle Changes Derived from Tree-Ring 13C and 14C

   • Minze Stuiver

   Pages 109-124

8. Interpretation of the Northern Hemispheric Record of 13C/12C Trends of Atmospheric CO2 in Tree Rings

   • Hans D. Freyer

   Pages 125-150

9. Revised Estimates of Atmospheric CO2 Variations Based on the Tree-Ring 13C Record

   • Tsung-Hung Peng, Hans D. Freyer

   Pages 151-159

10. Carbon Isotope Measurements in Baseline Air, Forest Canopy Air, and Plants

    • Roger J. Francey

    Pages 160-174

11. Estimating Changes in the Carbon Content of Terrestrial Ecosystems from Historical Data

    • Richard A. Houghton

    Pages 175-193

12. Changes in Soil Carbon Storage and Associated Properties with Disturbance and Recovery

    • William H. Schlesinger

    Pages 194-220

13. Continental and Global Scale Remote Sensing of Land Cover

    • Compton J. Tucker, J. R. G. Townshend, T. E. Goff, B. N. Holben

    Pages 221-241

14. Changes in the Area of Forests in Rondonia, Amazon Basin, Measured by Satellite Imagery

    • George M. Woodwell, Richard A. Houghton, Thomas A. Stone, Archibald B. Park

    Pages 242-257

15. One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Ocean Models for Predicting the Distribution of CO2 Between the Ocean and the Atmosphere

    • Anders Björkström

    Pages 258-278

16. Three-Dimensional Ocean Models for Predicting the Distribution of CO2 Between the Ocean and Atmosphere

    • Jorge L. Sarmiento

    Pages 279-294

17. Calibrating Ocean Models by the Constrained Inverse Method

    • Berrien Moore III, Anders Björkström

    Pages 295-328

18. Chemical and Biological Processes in CO2-Ocean Models

    • Charles F. Baes Jr., George G. Killough

    Pages 329-347

19. Measurements of Total Carbon Dioxide and Alkalinity in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1981

    • Peter G. Brewer, A. L. Bradshaw, R. T. Williams

    Pages 348-370

20. Geologic Analogs: Their Value and Limitations in Carbon Dioxide Research

    • Eric T. Sundquist

    Pages 371-402

The United States Government, cognizant of its responsibilities to future generations, has been sponsoring research for nine years into the causes, effects, and potential impacts of increased concentrations of carbon dioxide (C0 ) in the atmosphere. Agencies such as the National Science Foun­ 2 dation, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) cooperatively spent about $100 million from FY 1978 through FY 1984 directly on the study of CO • The DOE, as the 2 lead government agency for coordinating the government' s research ef­ forts, has been responsible for about 60% of these research efforts. William James succinctly defined our purpose when he stated science must be based upon " ... irreducible and stubborn facts." Scientific knowledge can and will reduce the present significant uncertainty sur­ rounding our understanding of the causes, effects, and potential impacts of increasing atmospheric CO2• We have come far during the past seven years in resolving some underlyinig doubts and in narrowing the ranges of disagreement. Basic concepts have become less murky. Yet, much more must be accomplished; more irreducible and stubborn facts are needed to reduce the uncertainties so that we can improve our knowledge base. Uncertainty can never be reduced to zero. However, with a much improved knowledge base, we will be able to learn, under­ stand, and be in a position to make decisions.

• Carbon
• atmosphere
• carbon dioxide
• combustion
• ecosystem
• energy
• environment
• forest
• ocean
• research
• soil
• terrestrial ecosystem
• terrestrial ecosystems
• ecotoxicology
• air pollution and air quality

• Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA

  John R. Trabalka, David E. Reichle

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