Insects at Low Temperature

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-x

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2. Physiology of Insect Cold Hardiness

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 1-1

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   2. A Tribute to R. W. Salt

      • Richard A. Ring, Paul W. Riegert

      Pages 3-16

   3. Principles of Insect Low Temperature Tolerance

      • Richard E. Lee Jr.

      Pages 17-46

   4. The Water Relations of Overwintering Insects

      • Karl Erik Zachariassen

      Pages 47-63

   5. Biochemistry of Cryoprotectants

      • Kenneth B. Storey, Janet M. Storey

      Pages 64-93

   6. Hemolymph Proteins Involved in Insect Subzero-Temperature Tolerance: Ice Nucleators and Antifreeze Proteins

      • John G. Duman, Lei Xu, Lisa G. Neven, Donald Tursman, Ding Wen Wu

      Pages 94-127

3. Impact on Development and Survival

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 129-129

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   2. Cold Shock and Heat Shock

      • David L. Denlinger, Karl H. Joplin, Cheng-Ping Chen, Richard E. Lee Jr.

      Pages 131-148

   3. Effects of Cold on Morphogenesis

      • František Sehnal

      Pages 149-173

   4. Relationship between Cold Hardiness and Diapause

      • David L. Denlinger

      Pages 174-198

   5. Thermoperiodism

      • Stanley D. Beck

      Pages 199-228

4. Species Adaptations

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 229-229

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   2. Winter Habitats and Ecological Adaptations for Winter Survival

      • H. V. Danks

      Pages 231-259

   3. Freezing Tolerance in the Goldenrod Gall Fly (Eurosta solidaginis)

      • John G. Baust, Misako Nishino

      Pages 260-275

   4. Behavioral and Physiological Adaptations to Cold in a Freeze-Tolerant Arctic Insect

      • Olga Kukal

      Pages 276-300

   5. Comparative Invertebrate Cold Hardiness

      • Stephen H. Loomis

      Pages 301-317

   6. Adaptations to Alpine and Polar Environments in Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods

      • Lauritz Sømme, William Block

      Pages 318-359

   7. Overwintering of Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates

      • Mark W. Oswood, L. Keith Miller, John G. Irons III

      Pages 360-375

5. Practical Applications

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 377-377

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The study of insects at low temperature is a comparatively new field. Only recently has insect cryobiology begun to mature, as research moves from a descriptive approach to a search for underlying mechanisms at diverse levels of organization ranging from the gene and cell to ecological and evolutionary relationships. Knowledge of insect responses to low temperature is crucial for understanding the biology of insects living in seasonally varying habitats as well as in polar regions. It is not possible to precisely define low temperature. In the tropics exposure to 10-15°C may induce chill coma or death, whereas some insects in temperate and polar regions remain active and indeed even able to fly at O°C or below. In contrast, for persons interested in cryopreservation, low temperature may mean storage in liquid nitrogen at - 196°C. In the last decade, interest in adaptations of invertebrates to low temperature has risen steadily. In part, this book had its origins in a symposium on this subject that was held at the annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America in Louisville, Kentucky, USA in December, 1988. However, the emergence and growth of this area has also been strongly influenced by an informal group of investigators who met in a series of symposia held in Oslo, Norway in 1982, in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada in 1985 and in Cambridge, England in 1988. Another is scheduled for Binghamton, New York, USA (1990).

• Drosophila
• arthropods
• biology
• evolution
• growth
• insects
• organization
• preservation
• research

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