Parenteral Nutrition in Infancy and Childhood

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xi

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2. The History of Parenteral Alimentation

   1. The History of Parenteral Alimentation

      • Hans H. Bode

      Pages 1-3

3. The Regulation of Energy Intake by Developing and Adult Animals

   1. The Regulation of Energy Intake by Developing and Adult Animals

      • R. A. McCance

      Pages 4-10

4. Factors Influencing Amino Acid Utilization

   1. Factors Influencing Amino Acid Utilization

      • Hamish N. Munro

      Pages 11-26

5. Amino Acid Requirements in Childhood

   1. Amino Acid Requirements in Childhood

      • D. M. Hegsted

      Pages 27-37

6. Intravenous Carbohydrate Tolerance in Infancy

   1. Intravenous Carbohydrate Tolerance in Infancy

      • G. W. Chance

      Pages 38-53

7. Substrate Supply and Utilization in Various Conditions

   1. Substrate Supply and Utilization in Various Conditions

      • Julien F. Biebuyck

      Pages 54-70

8. The Utilization of Xylitol, Fructose and Sorbitol

   1. The Utilization of Xylitol, Fructose and Sorbitol

      • Harald Förster

      Pages 71-87

9. Fatty Acid Oxidation during Development

   1. Fatty Acid Oxidation during Development

      • Joseph B. Warshaw

      Pages 88-97

10. Utilization and Tolerance of Intravenous Fat Emulsions

    1. Utilization and Tolerance of Intravenous Fat Emulsions

       • Robert P. Geyer

       Pages 98-111

11. Alcohol Metabolism during Development

    1. Alcohol Metabolism during Development

       • Esteban Mezey

       Pages 112-118

12. Fluid and Electrolyte Requirements and Tolerance

    1. Fluid and Electrolyte Requirements and Tolerance

       • John D. Crawford

       Pages 119-130

13. Trace Elements and Vitamins

    1. Trace Elements and Vitamins

       • Harry L. Greene, Michael Hambidge, Yaye F. Herman

       Pages 131-145

14. The Rapid Rehabilitation of Severely Undernourished Children

    1. The Rapid Rehabilitation of Severely Undernourished Children

       • E. M. Widdowson

       Pages 146-150

15. Technique of Total Parenteral Nutrition in Infants

    1. Technique of Total Parenteral Nutrition in Infants

       • Stanley J. Dudrick, Bruce V. MacFadyen, Robert W. Winters

       Pages 151-164

16. Postoperative Parenteral Feeding of Neonates: Peripheral Vein Infusion Technique, Fat Administration and Metabolic Studies

    1. Postoperative Parenteral Feeding of Neonates: Peripheral Vein Infusion Technique, Fat Administration and Metabolic Studies

       • H. C. Børresen, R. Bjordal, O. Knutrud

       Pages 165-177

17. Controlled Parenteral Nutrition of Premature Infants

    1. Controlled Parenteral Nutrition of Premature Infants

       • P. Jürgens, D. Dolif, C. Panteliadis, C. Hofert

       Pages 178-198

18. Total Intravenous Alimentation in Low Birth Weight Premature Infants

    1. Total Intravenous Alimentation in Low Birth Weight Premature Infants

       • William C. Heird, John M. Driscoll Jr., Robert W. Winters

       Pages 199-205

19. Intrauterine Amino Acid Feeding of the Fetus

    1. Intrauterine Amino Acid Feeding of the Fetus

       • Luz Heller

       Pages 206-213

20. The Role and Effect of Parenteral Nutrition on the Liver and Its Use in Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Childhood

    1. The Role and Effect of Parenteral Nutrition on the Liver and Its Use in Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Childhood

       • Michael I. Cohen, Scott J. Boley, Fred Daum, Iris F. Litt, S. Kenneth Schonberg

       Pages 214-224

"A tranquil mind puts flesh on a man" English proverb After aperiod of relative neglect, nutrition as a medical science is now an area of great clinical and investigative activ­ ity. This renewed interest in clinical nutrition derives in large part from observations suggesting that early nutritional depriva­ tion not only interferes with the maintenance of health, growth and resistance to disease but if present during critical periods of central nervous system development may also cause permanent impairment of intellectual capacity. Studies on brain development during malnutrition have contin­ ued to demonstrate the vulnerability of the developing brain to nutritional insult. Winick (1968) has emphasized that nutritional deficiency occurring while cells of the central nervous system are actively dividing results in a permanent decrease in central ner­ vous system cell number. Later nutritional deficiency which re­ sults in decrease in cell size appears to be recoverable. Perhaps even more important than effects of malnutrition on brain cell number is the effect on brain protein synthesis and myelination. As different regions of the prain grow at different rates and human cerebellar and cerebral cell number increase for the first few months of life, newborn nutritional deficiency may compromise brain development. Dobbing (1973) has focused attention on the vulnerability of the brain to nutritional insult during the brain growth spurt which occurs around the time of birth. In the human, this period extends throughout the third trimester of pregnancy and into the second postnatal year.

• Vitamin
• alcohol
• amino acid
• brain
• cell
• cells
• children
• fat
• growth
• health
• nervous system
• nutrition
• protein synthesis
• resistance
• system

• Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Burns Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA

  Hans Henning Bode

• Departments of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Gynecology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA

  Joseph B. Warshaw

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