Crown Ethers and Phase Transfer Catalysis in Polymer Science

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-ix

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2. Polymer Modification

   1. Chemical Modification of Polymers Via Phase Transfer Catalysis

      • Jean M. J. Fréchet

      Pages 1-26

   2. Chemical Modification of Chloromethylated Polystyrene with Phosphine Oxides Using Phase-Transfer Catalysis

      • Thanh Dung N’Guyen, Jean-Claude Gautier, Sylvie Boileau

      Pages 27-34

   3. Phase Transfer Catalysed Polymer-Supported Wittig Reactions

      • Charles R. Harrison, Philip Hodge, Barry J. Hunt, Ezzatollah Khoshdel, Janette Waterhouse

      Pages 35-44

   4. Influence of Quaternary Ammonium Salts on Cellulose Modification

      • William H. Daly, John D. Caldwell, Kien Van Phung, Robert Tang

      Pages 45-57

3. Polymer Synthesis

   1. Synthesis of Polyethers by Phase-Transfer Catalyzed Polycondensation

      • Thanh Dung N’Guyen, Sylvie Boileau

      Pages 59-67

   2. Effect of Triethylamine on the Synthesis of Group IV B Polyethers

      • Charles E. Carraher Jr., Samuel T. Bajah, Leonard M. Jambaya

      Pages 69-75

   3. Use of Phase Transfer Agents in the Synthesis of Antimony (V) Polyamines

      • Charles E. Carraher Jr., Mellissa D. Naas

      Pages 77-82

   4. Synthesis of Aromatic Polyphosphoanhydrides Based on Phenylphosphonic Dichloride Employing Phase Transfer Agents

      • Charles E. Carraher Jr., Raymond J. Linville, Howard S. Blaxall

      Pages 83-90

   5. Phase-Transfer Polycondensation of Bisphenolate Anions and 1,6-Dibromohexane

      • Jung-Il Jin, Jin-Hae Chang

      Pages 91-104

   6. Phase Transfer Free Radical Reactions:1 Polymerization of Acrylic Monomers

      • Jerald K. Rasmussen, Howell K. Smith II

      Pages 105-119

   7. Syntheses of Carbon-Carbon Chain Polymers and Polysulfides by Phase Transfer Catalyzed Polycondensation

      • Yoshio Imai, Mitsuru Ueda

      Pages 121-137

   8. Anionic Polymerizations with Complex Bases and Their Derivatives

      • P. Caubere

      Pages 139-154

   9. Anionic Polymerization IX: A Review of the Use of Crown Ether as a Modifier in the Anionic Polymerization and Copolymerization of Diene

      • Tai Chun Cheng

      Pages 155-181

   10. Synthesis of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Nylon 4 with Onium Salt and Crown Ether-Containing Catalysts

       • R. Bacskai

       Pages 183-199

4. Mechanistic Aspects

   1. Mechanisms of Catalysis by Polymer-Supported Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Ions

      • Warren T. Ford

      Pages 201-226

   2. Chiral Polymer Supported Catalysts in Phase Transfer Reactions

      • Emo Chiellini, Roberto Solaro, Salvatore D’Antone

      Pages 227-248

   3. Polymer-Supported Optically Active Phase Transfer Catalysts

      • D. C. Sherrington, J. Kelly

      Pages 249-261

   4. Asymmetric Selection by Optically Active Polymers in Phase-Transfer System

      • Yuhsuke Kawakami, Yuya Yamashita

      Pages 263-274

   5. Synthetic Reactions by Gas-Liquid Phase-Transfer Catalysis

      • Pietro Tundo, Paolo Venturello

      Pages 275-290

Phase transfer catalysis or interfacial catalysis is a syn­ thetic technique involving transport of an organic or inorganic salt from a solid or aqueous phase into an organic liquid where reaction with an organic-soluble substrate takes place. Over the past 15 years there has been an enormous amount of effort invested in the development of this technique in organic synthe­ sis. Several books and numerous review articles have appeared summarizing applications in which low molecular weight catalysts are employed. These generally include either crown ethers or onium salts of various kinds. While the term phase transfer catalysis is relatively new, the concept of using a phasetrans­ fer agent (PTA) is much older~ Both Schnell and Morgan employed such catalysts in synthesis of polymeric species in the early 1950's. Present developments are really extensions of these early applications. It has only been within the last several years that the use of phase transfer processes have been employed in polymer synthesis and modification. Similarly, the use of polymer-bound phase transfer agents is also a recent development. These and related areas have nonetheless enjoyed explosive growth as mea­ sured by the number of publications and the variety of applica­ tions which have appeared. Several reviews dealing with these l 6 polymer-related investigations have been published.

• catalysis
• polymer science
• polymer synthesis

• University of Southern Mississippi, Southern Station, USA

  Lon J. Mathias

• Wright State University, Dayton, USA

  Charles E. Carraher

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