Comparative, Maternal, and Epidemiologic Aspects

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-ix

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2. Maternal and Placental Effects

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 1-1

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   2. Maternal and Cytoplasmic Effects in Experimental Teratology

      • F. G. Biddle, F. C. Fraser

      Pages 3-33

   3. Factors That Affect Drug Concentrations in Maternal Plasma

      • James R. Gillette

      Pages 35-78

   4. Effects of Placental Pathology on the Embryo and Fetus

      • Kurt Benirschke

      Pages 79-115

3. Comparative Studies in Man and Other Mammals

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 117-117

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   2. Summary of Comparative Embryology and Teratology

      • Hideo Nishimura, Kohei Shiota

      Pages 119-154

   3. Comparative Placental Transfer

      • Felix Beck, John B. Lloyd

      Pages 155-186

4. Epidemiology

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 187-187

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   2. Detection and Evaluation of Pregnancy Wastage

      • David H. Carr

      Pages 189-213

   3. Value and Methods of Animal Studies in Epidemiology

      • Lloyd A. Selby

      Pages 215-225

   4. Birth Defects Registries and Surveillance

      • James R. Miller, R. Brian Lowry

      Pages 227-242

   5. Correlations of Malformation Frequency with Environmental and Genetic Attributes in Man

      • Ian Leck

      Pages 243-324

5. Back Matter

   Pages 325-334

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Modification of embryonic development by genetic differences in the mother is a well-regcognized phemomenon, but little is known about the genet­ ics of these maternal traits or the mechanisms by which they act. To illustrate the genetic approach to the problem, examples are given of how differences in embryonic response to a teratogen can be partitioned into those resulting from differences in embryonic genotype (including the possible role of X-linked genes in producing reciprocal cross differences), maternal genotype, and cytoplasmically transmitted factors. The advantages and limitations of analysis by appropriate crosses, in utero treatments, embryo transfers, and in vitro experiments are illustrated. The numerous inbred strains of the mouse, with well-documented physiology, the recently developed recombinant inbred strains, and the existence of easily identified biochemical marker genes offer at­ tractive opportunities, so far largely unexploited, for causal analysis of mater­ nal effects on teratological responses. VII. ADDENDUM Since this chapter was written, several relevant papers have appeared. The strain difference between AI] and C57BU6] mice in frequency of cleft-palate response to cortisone was fitted to a model of normally distributed log tolerance (Biddle and Fraser, 1976). Genetic differences, both in maternal uterine environment and embryonic response, can be represented in terms of their effect on the median effective dose required for the cleft-palate re­ sponse. The maternal effect of AI] dams relative to C57BU6] dams caused a two-fold reduction in embryonic tolerance to cortisone-induced cleft palate.

• birth
• development
• document
• embryo
• embryology
• epidemiology
• experiment
• fetus
• media
• median
• physiology
• placenta
• pregnancy

• The Children’s Hospital Research Foundation and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA

  James G. Wilson

• Departments of Biology and Paediatrics, McGill University and The Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal, Canada

  F. Clarke Fraser

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