Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis Testing

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xviii

   PDF

2. The Fundamental Biology

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 1-1

      PDF

   2. Mutagenesis and Other Short-Term Tests

      1. An Overview of Short-Term Testing

         • S. R. Haworth

         Pages 3-6

      2. Genetic Toxicology

         • David J. Brusick

         Pages 7-16

      3. Consequences of Genotoxic Effects

         • David J. Brusick

         Pages 17-38

      4. In Vitro Cell Transformation

         • John O. Rundell

         Pages 39-62

      5. Lung Tumors In Mice

         • R. J. M. Fry, H. P. Witschi

         Pages 63-78

      6. Tissue Genotoxic Effects

         • D. J. Koropatnick, J. J. Berman

         Pages 79-86

   3. Carcinogenesis

      1. Basic Principles of Chemical Carcinogenesis

         • J. M. Ward

         Pages 87-96

      2. Pathology of Toxic, Preneoplastic, and Neoplastic Lesions

         • J. M. Ward

         Pages 97-130

      3. Carcinogen Bioassay Design

         • J. F. Douglas

         Pages 131-155

      4. Evaluation and Interpretation of Carcinogenesis Bioassay Results

         • Cipriano Cueto Jr.

         Pages 157-181

3. Practical Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis Assay Methodology

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 183-183

      PDF

   2. Gene Mutation Assays

      1. Bacterial Reverse and Forward Mutation Assays

         • S. R. Haworth

         Pages 185-197

      2. Yeast Assays in Mutagen and Carcinogen Screening

         • David J. Brusick

         Pages 199-205

      3. Mouse Lymphoma Cell Assays

         • Paul E. Kirby

         Pages 207-226

      4. Chinese Hamster Ovary Mutation Assays

         • David J. Brusick

         Pages 227-233

      5. <i>Drosophila</i> Assay Systems

         • David J. Brusick

         Pages 235-242

   3. DNA Damage and Repair Assays

      1. Detection of DNA Damage and Repair in Bacteria

         • David J. Brusick

         Pages 243-250

      2. Mammalian DNA Repair Assays

         • David J. Brusick

         Pages 251-262

Cancer has become the most critical health problem in the United States. It is expected that 25% of the people will develop this dread disease, and many of these will die from the malady. The causes of cancer are varied, but the best estimate available is that 70--90% arise from environmental factors. These statistics have triggered widespread governmental action along two lines: (l) An effort to identify those chemicals and conditions that give rise to malignant processes has been mounted by the Carcino­ genesis Testing Program, the National Cancer Program, and subse­ quently, the National Toxicology Program. (2) Regulatory laws have been enacted that are administered by agencies such as TSCA, FIFRA, EPA, FDA, OSHA, and so on, whose mission is to minimize public ex­ posure to carcinogens. Since direct verification that specific chemicals induce cancer in hu­ of unanticipated expo­ mans is necessarily limited to known incidences sure and is therefore rare, most chemicals are identified as carcinogens only by laboratory experiments. At present, the only accepted procedure is long-term animal bioassay, and not only are these studies expensive and time-consuming, but current worldwide resources permit the evalua­ tion of only 300-400 chemicals per year, a miniscule amount compared to what is available in the commercial world: 30,000 existing chemicals, with approximately 700 new such materials being introduced every year.

• biology
• cancer
• cell
• embryo
• genetics
• lymphoma
• mutation
• pathogenesis
• screening
• tissue
• toxicology
• tumor

• Scientific Services Inc., Front Royal, USA

  J. F. Douglas

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