Nuclear Risk in Central Asia

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xi

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2. National Nuclear Centre Solving Radiation Safety Problems in Kazakhstan

   • K. K. Kadyrzhanov

   Pages 1-5

3. Radioactive Particles Released from Different Nuclear Sources: With Focus on Nuclear Weapons Tests

   • Brit Salbu

   Pages 7-17

4. Phenomenology of Underground Nuclear Explosions in Rock Salt

   • Yu. V. Dubasov

   Pages 19-34

5. Radiation and Hydro-Chemical Investigation and Monitoring of Transboundary Rivers of Kazakhstan

   • K. K. Kadyrzhanov, H. D. Passell, V. P. Solodukhin, S. Khazhekber, V. L. Poznyak, E. E. Chernykh

   Pages 35-39

6. Tritium in Streams, Well Waters and Atomic Lakes at the Semi-Palatinsk Nuclear Test Site: Present Status And Future Perspectives

   • P. I. Mitchell, L. León Vintró, J. G. Howlett, M. Burkitbayev, N. D. Priest, Yu. G. Strilchuk

   Pages 41-60

7. Safe Management of Residues from Former Uranium Mining and Milling Activities in Central Asian IAEA Regional Technical Cooperation Project

   • P. W. Waggitt

   Pages 61-68

8. Rehabilitation of Uranium Mines in Northern Tajikistan

   • M. M. Yunusov, Z. A. Razikov, N. I. Bezzubov, Kh. I. Tilloboev

   Pages 69-76

9. A Rational Approach to Bridging the Nuclear Technology Usage and Nuclear Education Gap

   • S. N. Bakhtiar

   Pages 77-85

10. Strontium-90 Contamination Within the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site: Results of Semirad1 and Semirad2 Projects – Contamination Levels And Projected Doses to Local Populations

    • N. D. Priest, Y. Kuyanova, P. Pohl, M. Burkitbayev, P. I. Mitchell, L. León Vintró et al.

    Pages 87-105

11. The Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management: An Instrument to Achieve a Global Safety

    • P. Risoluti

    Pages 107-114

12. Reduction of Risks from Lira Underground Nuclear Facilities at Karachaganak Oil-and-Gas Complex

    • T. I. Ageyeva, A. Zh. Tuleushev, V. V. Podenezhko

    Pages 115-123

13. The Net Effect of the Armenian Nuclear Power Plant on the Environment and Population Compared to the Background From Global Radioactive Fallout

    • K. Pyuskyulyan, V. Atoyan, V. Arakelyan, A. Saghatelyan

    Pages 125-131

14. Assessment of Risks and Possible Ecological and Economic Damages from Large-Scale Natural and Man-Induced Catastrophes in Ecology-Hazard Regions of Central Asia and the Caucasus

    • A. N. Valyaev, S. V. Kazakov, A. A. Shamaeva, O. V. Stepanets, H. D. Passell, V. P. Solodukhin et al.

    Pages 133-149

15. Distribution of Natural and Technogenic Radioactivity in Soil Samples from Foothill and Mountain Areas in Central Tajikistan

    • A. A. Juraev, An. A. Dzuraev, T. Davlatshoev, H. D. Passell

    Pages 151-165

16. Quantitative Assessment of the Man-Induced Uranium in the Tail Disposal of Kara-Balta Mining Plant

    • V. M. Alekhina, I. A. Vasiliev, S. Idrisova, S. Mamatibraimov, G. M. Tolstikhin

    Pages 167-172

17. Study of the 222Rn Distribution in Air Above the Tail Disposal Site at KBMP (Kyrgyz Republic) and Its Possible Transfer to Adjacent Territories

    • I. A. Vasiliev, V. M. Alekhina, S. Mamatibraimov, O. I. Starodumov, S. Idrisova, D. A. Ivanenko

    Pages 173-179

18. Study of Transborder Contamination of the Syr-Darya and Amu Darya Rivers and Their Inflows

    • B. S. Yuldashev, H. D. Passell, U. S. Salikhbaev, R. I. Radyuk, A. A. Kist, S. V. Artemov et al.

    Pages 181-189

19. The Navruz Project: Cooperative, Transboundary Monitoring, Data Sharing and Modeling of Water Resources in Central Asia

    • H. D. Passell, V. Solodukhin, S. Khazekhber, V. L. Pozniak, I. A. Vasiliev, V. M. Alekhina et al.

    Pages 191-199

20. Several Approaches to the Solution of Water Contamination Problems in Transboundary Rivers Crossing the Territory of Armenia

    • G. M. Aleksanyan, A. N. Valyaev, K. Pyuskyulyan

    Pages 201-211

There is a significant number of nuclear and radiological sources in Central Asia, which have contributed, are still contributing, or have the potential to contribute to radioactive contamination in the future. Key sources and contaminated sites of concern are: The nuclear weapons tests performed at the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS) in Kazakhstan during 1949–1989. A total of 456 nuclear weapons tests have been perf- med in the atmosphere (86), above and at ground surface (30) and underground (340) accompanied by radioactive plumes reaching far out of the test site. Safety trials at STS, where radioactive sources were spread by conventional explosives. Peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs) within STS and outside STS in Kazakhstan, producing crater lakes (e.g., Tel’kem I and Tel’kem II), waste storage facilities (e.g., LIRA) etc. Technologically enhanced levels of naturally occurring radionuclides (TENORM) due to U mining and tailing. As a legacy of the cold war and the nuclear weapon p- gramme in the former USSR, thousands of square kilometers in the Central Asia co- tries are contaminated. Large amounts of scale from the oil and gas industries contain sufficient amounts of TENORM. Nuclear reactors, to be decommissioned or still in operation. Storage of spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive wastes. In the characterization of nuclear risks, the risks are estimated by integrating the results of the hazard identification, the effects assessment and the exposure assessment.

• Cold War
• Environmental
• IAEA
• NATO
• Nuclear power
• Nuclear weapons
• Peace
• Science
• Security
• Sub-Series C

• Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway

  Brit Salbu, Lindis Skipperud

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