Analyzing T Cell Responses

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xii

   PDF

2. Monitoring Antigen-specific T Cell Responses

   • Dirk Nagorsen, Francesco M. Marincola

   Pages 1-7

3. Tumor Associated Antigens

   • Paul F. Robbins

   Pages 9-42

4. Immune Escape

   • Theresa L. Whiteside, Michael Campoli, Soldano Ferrone

   Pages 43-81

5. Virus Specific T-Cell Responses

   • Victor Appay

   Pages 83-101

6. Cytotoxicity Assays

   • Gideon Berke, William R. Clark

   Pages 103-121

7. Monitoring T Cell Proliferation

   • Philip D. Hodgkin, Edwin D. Hawkins, Jhaguaral Hasbold, Amanda V. Gett, Elissa K. Deenick, Hilary F. Todd et al.

   Pages 123-141

8. ELISPOT Assay

   • Theresa L. Whiteside

   Pages 143-155

9. Modified ELISPOT

   • Anatoli Malyguine

   Pages 157-174

10. Intracellular Cytokine Staining

    • Carmen Scheibenbogen, Anne Letsch, Anne Marie Asemissen, Alexander Schmittel, Eckhard Thiel, Ulrich Keilholz

    Pages 175-182

11. Cytometric Cytokine Secretion Assay

    • Mario Assenmacher

    Pages 183-195

12. Peptide/MHC Tetramer Analysis

    • Peter P. Lee, Francesco M. Marincola

    Pages 197-217

13. In Situ MHC Tetramer Staining

    • Pamela J. Skinner

    Pages 219-225

14. MHC-Ig Dimeric Molecules

    • Tim F. Greten, Firouzeh Korangy

    Pages 227-238

15. TCR Analyses

    • Markus J. Maeurer

    Pages 239-260

16. Peptide/HLA-GFP Complexes

    • Utano Tomaru, Yoshihisa Yamano, Steven Jacobson

    Pages 261-274

17. QRT-PCR

    • Udai S. Kammula

    Pages 275-284

18. Microarrays

    • Ena Wang

    Pages 285-301

19. Concluding Remark

    • Dirk Nagorsen, Francesco M. Marincola

    Pages 303-303

20. Back Matter

    Pages 305-313

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Active specific immunotherapy is a promising but investigational modality in the management of cancer patients. Currently, several different cancer vaccine formulations such as peptides, proteins, antigen-pulsed dendritic cells, whole tumor cells, etc. in combination with various adjuvants and carriers are being evaluated in clinical trials (1-3). To determine the optimal cancer vaccine strategy, a surrogate immunological end-point that correlates with clinical outcome needs to be defined, since it would facilitate the rapid comparison of these various formulations. Traditional immunological assays such as ELISA, proliferation and cytotoxicity assays can detect immune responses in vaccinated patients but are not quantitative. In contrast, novel assays such as enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, intracellular cytokine assay and tetramer assay can quantitate the frequency of antigen-specific T cells. Of these, the ELISPOT assay has the 5 lowest detection limit with 1/10 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and has been determined to be one of the most useful assays to evaluate immune response to cancer vaccines (4). However, the IFN-? ELISPOT assay is not an exclusive measure of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity as non-cytotoxic cells can also secrete IFN-?. Additionally, CTL with lytic activity do not always secrete IFN-? (5). A more relevant approach to assess functional activity of cytotoxic lymphocytes would be to measure the secretion of molecules that are associated with lytic activity. One of the major mechanisms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity involves exocytosis of cytoplasmic granules from the effector toward the target cell.

• Antigen
• T cell
• cancer
• cell
• cytokine
• cytotoxicity
• gene
• gene expression
• immunology
• immunotherapy
• lymphocytes
• proliferation
• tumor
• vaccine
• virus

From the reviews of the first edition:

"This book represents the first comprehensive description, and evaluation of the most important assays utilized to monitor immune responses against tumor associated antigens. … Specifically tailored to the needs of clinical researchers, basic science investigators, and biotechnology innovators, this book provides information that is both sufficiently detailed and eloquently succinct. All discussions are substantiated with a comprehensive literature review. … Analyzing T Cell Responses provides the most substantial and extensive review of immune response-monitoring techniques available to date." (Melanie Hayden, Stephanie Schroter and Boris Minev, Angiogenesis, Vol. 9, 2006)

• Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany

  Dirk Nagorsen

• National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA

  F.M. Marincola

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