Opportunities for Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Rice and Other Non-Legumes

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-vii

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2. Introduction: Assessing opportunities for nitrogen fixation in rice — a frontier project

   • J. K. Ladha, F. J. de Bruijn, K. A. Malik

   Pages 1-10

3. Fertilizers and biological nitrogen fixation as sources of plant nutrients: Perspectives for future agriculture

   • O. C. Bøckman

   Pages 11-14

4. Isolation of endophytic diazotrophic bacteria from wetland rice

   • J. K. Ladha, W. L. Barraquio, L. Revilla

   Pages 15-24

5. Isolation of endophytic bacteria from rice and assessment of their potential for supplying rice with biologically fixed nitrogen

   • F. J. de Bruijn, J. R. Stoltzfus, R. So, P. P. Malarvithi, J. K. Ladha

   Pages 25-36

6. Association of nitrogen-fixing, plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with kallar grass and rice

   • K. A. Malik, Rakhshanda Bilal, Samina Mehnaz, G. Rasul, M. S. Mirza, S. Ali

   Pages 37-44

7. Occurrence, physiological and molecular analysis of endophytic diazotrophic bacteria in gramineous energy plants

   • G. Kirchhof, V. M. Reis, J. I. Baldani, B. Eckert, J. Döbereiner, A. Hartmann

   Pages 45-55

8. Azoarcus spp. and their interactions with grass roots

   • Barbara Reinhold-Hurek, Thomas Hurek

   Pages 57-64

9. Biological nitrogen fixation in non-leguminous field crops: Facilitating the evolution of an effective association between Azospirillum and wheat

   • Ivan R. Kennedy, Lily L. Pereg-Gerk, Craig Wood, Rosalind Deaker, Kate Gilchrist, Sunietha Katupitiya

   Pages 65-79

10. Rhizobial communication with rice roots: Induction of phenotypic changes, mode of invasion and extent of colonization

    • P. M. Reddy, J. K. Ladha, R. B. So, R. J. Hernandez, M. C. Ramos, O. R. Angeles et al.

    Pages 81-98

11. Natural endophytic association between Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii and rice roots and assessment of its potential to promote rice growth

    • Youssef G. Yanni, R. Y. Rizk, V. Corich, A. Squartini, K. Ninke, S. Philip-Hollingsworth et al.

    Pages 99-114

12. Interactions of rhizobia with rice and wheat

    • G. Webster, C. Gough, J. Vasse, C. A. Batchelor, K. J. O’Callaghan, S. L. Kothari et al.

    Pages 115-122

13. Interactions between bacterial diazotrophs and non-legume dicots: Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant

    • Clare Gough, Jacques Vasse, Christine Galera, Gordon Webster, Edward Cocking, Jean Dénarié

    Pages 123-130

14. Root morphogenesis in legumes and cereals and the effect of bacterial inoculation on root development

    • B. G. Rolfe, M. A. Djordjevic, J. J. Weinman, U. Mathesius, C. Pittock, E. Gärtner et al.

    Pages 131-144

15. Strategies for increased ammonium production in free-living or plant associated nitrogen fixing bacteria

    • Rita Colnaghi, Andrew Green, Luhong He, Paul Rudnick, Christina Kennedy

    Pages 145-154

16. Genetics of Azospirillum brasilense with respect to ammonium transport, sugar uptake, and chemotaxis

    • A. Van Dommelen, E. Van Bastelaere, V. Keijers, J. Vanderleyden

    Pages 155-160

17. Chitin recognition in rice and legumes

    • Gary Stacey, Naoto Shibuya

    Pages 161-169

18. The role of phytohormones in plant-microbe symbioses

    • A. M. Hirsch, Y. Fang, S. Asad, Y. Kapulnik

    Pages 171-184

19. The impact of molecular systematics on hypotheses for the evolution of root nodule symbioses and implications for expanding symbioses to new host plant genera

    • Susan M. Swensen, Beth C. Mullin

    Pages 185-192

20. Nif gene transfer and expression in chloroplasts: Prospects and problems

    • Ray Dixon, Qi Cheng, Gui-Fang Shen, Anil Day, Mandy Dowson-Day

    Pages 193-203

During the next 30 years, farmers must produce 70% more rice than the 550 millions tons produced today to feed the increasing population. Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient that most frequently limits rice production. At current levels ofN use efficiency, we will require at least double the 10 million tons of N fertilizer that are currently used each year for rice production. Global agriculture now relies heavily on N fertilizers derived from petroleUIll, which, in turn, is vulnerable to political and economic fluctuations in the oil markets. N fertilizers, therefore, are expensive inputs, costing agriculture more than US$45 billion annually. Rice suffers from a mismatch of its N demand and N supplied as fertilizer, resulting in a 50-70% loss of applied N fertilizer. Two basic approaches may be used to solve this problem One is to regulate the timing ofN application based on needs of the plants, thus partly increasing the efficiency of the plants' use of applied N. The other is to increase the ability of the rice system to fix its own N. The latter approach is a long-term strategy, but it would have enormous environmental benefits while helping resource-poor farmers. Furthermore, farmers more easily adopt a genotype or variety with useful traits than they do crop and soil management practices that may be associated with additional costs.

• Chloroplast
• Expression
• Phytohormon
• Symbiose
• arabidopsis thaliana
• biotechnology
• development
• gene transfer
• genetic engineering
• nitrogen
• plant
• roots
• systematics
• transport
• wheat

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