Electron Probe Microanalysis

1. Front Matter

   Pages I-XVI

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2. The History of Electron Probe Microanalysis in Biology

   1. The History of Electron Probe Microanalysis in Biology

      • T. A. Hall

      Pages 1-15

3. Specimen Preparation

   1. Specimen Preparation and Other Limitations in Quantitative Eletron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis (EPXMA) Using Ultrathin Sections

      • Norbert Roos

      Pages 17-32

   2. Freeze-Substitution and Low Temperature Embedding for Analytical Electron Microscopy

      • L. Edelmann

      Pages 33-46

   3. Ensuring the Validity of Results in Biological X-Ray Microanalysis

      • Thomas von Zglinicki

      Pages 47-58

4. Analytical Techniques

   1. X-ray microanalysis

      1. The Subcellular Accumulation of Toxic Heavy Metals: Qualitative and Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis

         • A. J. Morgan, N. Roos, J. E. Morgan, C. Winters

         Pages 59-72

      2. X-Ray Microanalysis of Cryosections Using Image Analysis

         • Albert J. Saubermann

         Pages 73-85

      3. Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis in the Silkmoth Antenna — Problems with Quantification in Ultrathin Cryosections

         • R. A. Steinbrecht, K. Zierold

         Pages 87-97

   2. Electron energy loss spectroscopy

      1. Progress in Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopic Imaging and Analysing Biological Specimens with a Field Emission Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope

         • C. Colliex, C. Jeanguillaume, C. Mory, M. Tencé

         Pages 99-112

      2. Application of Parallel-Detection Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy in Biology

         • Richard Leapman

         Pages 113-125

      3. Resin Based Standards for Biological Energy Dispersive X-Ray and Electron Energy Loss Microanalysis

         • D. C. Joy, C. S. Joy, D. A. Armstrong

         Pages 127-138

      4. Imaging and Microanalysis by Electron Spectroscopy

         • F. P. Ottensmeyer

         Pages 139-151

5. Biological Applications

   1. Intracellular element localization

      1. Application of X-Ray Microanalysis and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy to Studies of Secretory Cell Biology

         • Richard L. Ornberg, Gemma A. J. Kuijpers

         Pages 153-168

      2. X-Ray Microanalysis of Freshly Isolated Cells in Suspension

         • Alice Warley

         Pages 169-179

      3. X-Ray Microanalysis and Free Calcium Measurements in Cultured Neonatal Rat Ventricular Myocytes

         • Herbert K. Hagler, Alan C. Morris, L. Maximilian Buja

         Pages 181-197

   2. Epithelial transport

      1. 1 μm Thick Frozen Hydrated/Dried Sections for Analysing Pericellular Environment in Transport Epithelia; New Results from Old Data

         • Brij L. Gupta

         Pages 199-212

      2. Distribution of Ions and Water in Epithelial Cells and Tissues

         • Roger Rick, Walter Schratt

         Pages 213-224

      3. Characterization of Electrolyte Transport Mechanisms and Compartments by the Use of the Markers Rb and Br

         • A. Dörge, F. X. Beck, R. Rick, W. Nagel, K. Thurau

         Pages 225-236

      4. Electron Probe Analysis of Transport Properties of Cultured Cells

         • C. Lechene

         Pages 237-249

   3. Dynamic processes

      1. Quantitative X-Ray Elemental Mapping of Dynamic Physiologic Events in Skeletal Muscle

         • Peter Ingram, Rashid Nassar, Ann LeFurgey, Scott Davilla, Joachim R. Sommer

         Pages 251-264

The aim of electron probe microanalysis of biological systems is to identify, localize, and quantify elements, mass, and water in cells and tissues. The method is based on the idea that all electrons and photons emerging from an electron beam irradiated specimen contain information on its structure and composition. In particular, energy spectroscopy of X-rays and electrons after interaction of the electron beam with the specimen is used for this purpose. However, the application of this method in biology and medicine has to overcome three specific problems: 1. The principle constituent of most cell samples is water. Since liquid water is not compatible with vacuum conditions in the electron microscope, specimens have to be prepared without disturbing the other components, in parti­ cular diffusible ions (elements). 2. Electron probe microanaly­ sis provides physical data on either dry specimens or fully hydrated, frozen specimens. This data usually has to be con­ verted into quantitative data meaningful to the cell biologist or physiologist. 3. Cells and tissues are not static but dynamic systems. Thus, for example, microanalysis of physiolo­ gical processes requires sampling techniques which are adapted to address specific biological or medical questions. During recent years, remarkable progress has been made to overcome these problems. Cryopreparation, image analysis, and electron energy loss spectroscopy are key areas which have solved some problems and offer promise for future improvements.

• X-ray
• cells
• diagnosis
• spectroscopy
• tissue

• Max-Planck-Institut für Systemphysiologie, Dortmund 1, Germany

  Karl Zierold

• Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA

  Herbert K. Hagler

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