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  • © 2018

U.S. Government Contractors and Human Trafficking

Two Case Studies of Iraq and Bosnia-Herzegovina

  • Presents case studies from Iraq and Bosnia-Herzegovina
  • Highlights crucial legal and regulatory issues affecting PMCs
  • Provides information on the operation of PMCs within international law

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Criminology (BRIEFSCRIMINOL)

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Table of contents (15 chapters)

  1. Front Matter

    Pages i-xix
  2. From Workers to Victims: Human Trafficking and Forced Labor of Third Country Nationals by U.S. Government Contractor KBR, Inc. in Iraq

    1. Front Matter

      Pages 1-1
    2. Introduction

      • Celline Cole, Resy Vermeltfoort
      Pages 3-7
    3. The Private Military Industry

      • Celline Cole, Resy Vermeltfoort
      Pages 9-16
    4. Human Trafficking and Forced Labor of TCNs in Iraq

      • Celline Cole, Resy Vermeltfoort
      Pages 17-28
    5. Legal Framework

      • Celline Cole, Resy Vermeltfoort
      Pages 29-35
    6. Theoretical Framework

      • Celline Cole, Resy Vermeltfoort
      Pages 37-40
    7. Analysis

      • Celline Cole, Resy Vermeltfoort
      Pages 41-49
    8. Summary and Conclusions

      • Celline Cole, Resy Vermeltfoort
      Pages 51-53
    9. Discussion

      • Celline Cole, Resy Vermeltfoort
      Pages 55-57
  3. From Peacekeepers to Perpetrators: Case Study of Private Contractor DynCorp and Their Complicity in Sex Trafficking in Post-War Bosnia

    1. Front Matter

      Pages 59-59
    2. Introduction

      • Celline Cole, Resy Vermeltfoort
      Pages 61-66
    3. Private Military and Security Companies

      • Celline Cole, Resy Vermeltfoort
      Pages 67-70
    4. Theoretical Framework

      • Celline Cole, Resy Vermeltfoort
      Pages 77-82
    5. Analysis and Explanations

      • Celline Cole, Resy Vermeltfoort
      Pages 83-94
    6. Revised Analytical Framework

      • Celline Cole, Resy Vermeltfoort
      Pages 95-104
    7. Discussion and Recommendations

      • Celline Cole, Resy Vermeltfoort
      Pages 105-107
  4. Back Matter

    Pages 109-118

About this book

This Brief examines the role of United States private military contractors (PMCs) in human trafficking and forced labor in case studies of Iraq and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Through the lens of these cases, the authors explore the legal and regulatory deficiencies surrounding PMCs in conflict zones, and the role of international criminal law in this context. It uses an integrative model of  state corporate crime as a theoretical and analytical framework.

This work will be of interest to researchers in criminology and criminal justice, as well as those involved in the field of criminal law and human rights law, as well as political science. It will also be of interest for policy makers, legislators and others working in international law and diplomacy.

Authors and Affiliations

  • Heidelberg, Germany

    Celline Cole

  • Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Resy Vermeltfoort

About the authors

Celline Cole studied psychology, criminology, and international criminal justice in Heidelberg and Amsterdam. She is a 2016 cum laude graduate of the M.Sc. program International Crimes and Criminology at Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam where she also worked as a researcher at the Center for International Criminal Justice (CICJ). Her main research and personal interests are human trafficking, mental health and human rights, and psychosocial interventions in conflict zones. Celline recently completed a four-month internship in the Mental Health Policy and Service Development team at the World Health Organization (WHO) in Geneva and is currently pursuing a further graduate degree in clinical psychology at Freie Universität Berlin.


Resy Vermeltfoort holds a Bachelor’s degree in Journalism and Political Science and graduated from the M.Sc. program International Crimes and Criminology at the Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam. She worked as a Human Rights and Advocacy Officer at Refugee Law Project, a community outreach project of the School of Law, Makerere University, Uganda. During her time with Refugee Law Project her thematic areas of focus were transitional justice and gender-based violence against men and boys during conflict. Resy currently works on the topics of gender equality and women’s economic empowerment at SNV Netherlands Development Organisation, Vietnam.

Bibliographic Information

  • Book Title: U.S. Government Contractors and Human Trafficking

  • Book Subtitle: Two Case Studies of Iraq and Bosnia-Herzegovina

  • Authors: Celline Cole, Resy Vermeltfoort

  • Series Title: SpringerBriefs in Criminology

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70827-0

  • Publisher: Springer Cham

  • eBook Packages: Law and Criminology, Law and Criminology (R0)

  • Copyright Information: The Author(s) 2018

  • Softcover ISBN: 978-3-319-70826-3Published: 04 January 2018

  • eBook ISBN: 978-3-319-70827-0Published: 23 December 2017

  • Series ISSN: 2192-8533

  • Series E-ISSN: 2192-8541

  • Edition Number: 1

  • Number of Pages: XIX, 118

  • Number of Illustrations: 1 b/w illustrations, 2 illustrations in colour

  • Topics: Trafficking, International Humanitarian Law, Law of Armed Conflict

Buy it now

Buying options

Softcover Book USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Other ways to access