The Heliosphere in the Local Interstellar Medium

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xiv

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2. Science as an Adventure

   1. Science as an Adventure

      • H. Bondi

      Pages 1-5

3. The Heliosphere

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 7-7

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   2. The Heliosphere

      • W. I. Axford

      Pages 9-14

   3. The Heliospheric Magnetic Field

      • André Balogh

      Pages 15-28

   4. The Solar Wind: A Turbulent Magnetohydrodynamic Medium

      • B. Bavassano

      Pages 29-32

   5. Voyager Observations of the Magnetic Field, Interstellar Pickup Ions and Solar Wind in the Distant Heliosphere

      • L. F. Burlaga, N. F. Ness, J. W. Belcher, A. J. Lazarus, J. D. Richardson

      Pages 33-42

   6. Origin of C+ Ions in the Heliosphere

      • J. Geiss, G. Gloeckler, R. Von Steiger

      Pages 43-52

   7. Radio Emissions from the Outer Heliosphere

      • D. A. Gurnett, W. S. Kurth

      Pages 53-66

   8. A Summary of Solar Wind Observations at High Latitudes: Ulysses

      • R. G. Marsden

      Pages 67-72

   9. Ionization Processes in the Heliosphere — Rates and Methods of Their Determination

      • D. Ruciński, A. C. Cummings, G. Gloeckler, A. J. Lazarus, E. Möbius, M. Witte

      Pages 73-84

   10. 3-D Magnetic Field and Current System in the Heliosphere

       • Haruichi Washimi, Takashi Tanaka

       Pages 85-94

   11. Modelling the Heliosphere

       • P. G. Zank, H. L. Pauls

       Pages 95-106

4. The Termination Shock

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 107-107

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   2. The Termination Shock of the Solar Wind

      • Martin A. Lee

      Pages 109-116

   3. Composition of Anomalous Cosmic Rays and Implications for the Heliosphere

      • A. C. Cummings, E. C. Stone

      Pages 117-128

   4. Implications of a Weak Termination Shock

      • L. A. Fisk

      Pages 129-136

   5. The Acceleration of Pickup Ions

      • J. R. Jokipii, J. Giacalone

      Pages 137-148

   6. The Isotopic Composition of Anomalous Cosmic Rays from Sampex

      • R. A. Leske, R. A. Mewaldt, A. C. Cummings, J. R. Cummings, E. C. Stone, T. T. Von Rosenvinge

      Pages 149-154

5. The Local Interstellar Medium

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 155-155

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In summary, we can conclude that the contributions of the different ionization processes to the total ionization rate for the most abundant interstellar species are basically known. The ionization of the noble gases He and Ne is almost completely dominated by photoionization, whereas for H charge-exchange with the solar wind is most important. For other species, such as 0 and Ar, both processes contribute significantly. Electron impact ionization can typically contribute by '" 10% to the total rate in the inner Solar System. Because direct measurements of the solar EUV flux are not yet continuously available, the variation of the ionization rate over the solar cycle still contains a relatively large uncertainty. The recent measurements of pickup ion distributions and of the neutral helium gas provide an independent tool to determine the total ionization rate that can be used to cross calibrate with the results obtained for the individual ionization processes. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to M. Allen for supplying us with new data on photoioniza­ tion cross-sections compiled by him. We thank also M. Gruntman for drawing our attention to and support in collecting the most recent data on charge-exchange cross-sections. D. R. was supported by grant No. 2 P03C. 004. 09 from the Com­ mittee for Scientific Research (Poland). This work was also supported in part through NASA contract NAS7-918, NSF Grant INT-911637, NASA Grant NAGW- 2579.

• Heliosphere
• Planet
• Solar
• Solar System
• Solar wind
• astronomy
• stellar

• International Space Science Institute, Bern, Switzerland

  R. Steiger

• Service d’Aéronomie du CNRS, Verrières le Buisson, France

  R. Lallement

• University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA

  M. A. Lee

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