Development of Normal Fetal Movements

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xi

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2. Introduction

   • Alessandra Piontelli

   Pages 1-13

3. General Movements

   • Alessandra Piontelli, Florinda Ceriani, Isabella Fabietti, Roberto Fogliani, Elisa Restelli, Alessandra Kustermann

   Pages 15-23

4. Localized or Isolated Movements

   • Alessandra Piontelli, Florinda Ceriani, Isabella Fabietti, Roberto Fogliani, Elisa Restelli, Alessandra Kustermann

   Pages 25-32

5. Fetal Breathing Movements and Shallow Fetal Breathing Movements

   • Alessandra Piontelli, Florinda Ceriani, Isabella Fabietti, Roberto Fogliani, Elisa Restelli, Alessandra Kustermann

   Pages 33-40

6. Swallowing, Sucking, and Mouthing

   • Alessandra Piontelli, Florinda Ceriani, Isabella Fabietti, Roberto Fogliani, Elisa Restelli, Alessandra Kustermann

   Pages 41-51

7. Startles, Twitches, and Clonuses

   • Alessandra Piontelli, Florinda Ceriani, Isabella Fabietti, Roberto Fogliani, Elisa Restelli, Alessandra Kustermann

   Pages 53-61

8. Seemingly Trivial Fetal Motions: Yawning and Hiccups

   • Alessandra Piontelli, Florinda Ceriani, Isabella Fabietti, Roberto Fogliani, Elisa Restelli, Alessandra Kustermann

   Pages 63-74

9. Fetuses: Facial Motions or Facial Expressions?

   • Alessandra Piontelli, Florinda Ceriani, Isabella Fabietti, Roberto Fogliani, Elisa Restelli, Alessandra Kustermann

   Pages 75-86

10. Fetal Behavioral States

    • Alessandra Piontelli, Florinda Ceriani, Isabella Fabietti, Roberto Fogliani, Elisa Restelli, Alessandra Kustermann

    Pages 87-98

11. Twin Fetuses: Facts and Late-Pregnancy Twin Myths

    • Alessandra Piontelli, Stefano Acerboni, Isabella Fabietti, Roberto Fogliani, Sarah Salmona, Laura Trespidi et al.

    Pages 99-110

12. Fetal Sensory Abilities

    • Alessandra Piontelli, Florinda Ceriani, Isabella Fabietti, Roberto Fogliani, Elisa Restelli, Alessandra Kustermann

    Pages 111-126

13. Conclusions

    • Alessandra Piontelli

    Pages 127-141

14. Back Matter

    Pages 143-145

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In the later stages of gestation, fetal functions undergo increasing change and development, preparing the fetus for the transition to its postnatal environment. Rapid maturation is witnessed in breathing, swallowing, sensory functions, sleep, and many other processes, with corresponding behavioral changes. By 35 to 40 weeks of gestation, fetuses are capable of living ex utero without support, but it is increasingly appreciated that even infants born at between 35 and 36 weeks can suffer long-term consequences. This book, which complements the author’s previous volume on development of normal fetal movements during the first 25 weeks of gestation, discusses in detail the full range of behavioral phenomena observed during the final 15 weeks of gestation, with careful analysis of their mutual relationships. A key feature is the outstanding photographic material, difficult to obtain at this late stage, and the instructive graphs that  are also included. The information provided will alert clinicians to deviations from the norm and to physiologic phenomena that can turn pathologic in infants born prematurely.​

• Fetal behavior
• Fetal developmental trends
• Fetal neurology
• Prematurity
• Ultrasound
• Ultrasonography

• Department of Maternal/Fetal Medicine, Clinica Mangiagalli, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

  Alessandra Piontelli

After graduating in Medicine and Surgery at the University of Milan, Italy, Alessandra Piontelli qualified as a specialist in Neurology and Psychiatry at the University of Parma. For more than a decade she worked at the Tavistock Clinic, London, where her responsibilities included teaching child neurology and psychiatry. In 1983 she was appointed Visiting Professor by the Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Milan. Since 1990 she has worked at the First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Milan, where she is involved in research into fetal and neonatal behavior and physiology and maternal behavior during pregnancy and the early post-partum period. In 2007 she was Visiting Professor at the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa and, in 2011, Visiting Professor and Master in Pre-Natal and Peri-Natal Education at the University of Valencia, Spain. Her previous books include Backwards in Time: a Study in Infant Observation (Karnac Books, 1986), From Fetus to Child (Routledge, 1992), Twins: From Fetus to Child (Routledge, 2002), and Twins in the World (McMillan-Palgrave, 2008).

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