Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons: Aspects, Problems and Solutions

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xii

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2. Final Document

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 1-1

      PDF

   2. Welcoming Address

      • M. S. Gorbachev

      Pages 3-3

3. Contributing Papers

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 5-5

      PDF

   2. General

      1. War Gases and Ammunition in the Polish Economic Zone of the Baltic Sea

         • Eugeniusz Andrulewicz

         Pages 9-15

      2. Pre-Convention Liquidation of Soviet Chemical Weapons

         • Lev A. Fedorov

         Pages 17-27

      3. Chemical “Echo” of the Wars

         • A. V. Fokin, K. K. Babievsky

         Pages 29-33

      4. Special Study on the Sea Disposal of Chemical Munitions by the United States

         • Mark J. Frondorf

         Pages 35-40

      5. Investigation of a Dumping Area in the Skagerrak 1992

         • Per Olof Granbom

         Pages 41-48

      6. Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons and the Chemical Weapons Convention

         • Thomas Dr. Stock

         Pages 49-66

      7. How to Save the Baltics from Ecological Disaster

         • B. T. Surikov

         Pages 67-70

   3. Technological Aspects

      1. Unexploded Ordnance Devices: Detection, Recovery and Disposal

         • Rainald Häber, Jörg Hedtmann

         Pages 73-86

      2. The Technological Problems with Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons from the Standpoint of Defence Conversion Industries

         • V. N. Konkov

         Pages 87-91

      3. Technological Questions of Safe Elimination of CW Dumps on the Baltic Sea Bed

         • L. P. Malyshev

         Pages 93-104

      4. Application of Anti-Filtering Coatings for Localisation of Toxic Warfare Chemicals in the Baltic Sea Area

         • V. G. Plotnikov, R. A. Zamyslov, B. T. Surikov, I. V. Dobrov, O. Yu. Kayurin

         Pages 105-107

      5. Chemical-Analytical Control of Environmental Pollution by Warfare Agents and their Degradation Products

         • Yu. I. Savin, E. M. Vishenkova, E. M. Pasynkova, I. S. Khalikov

         Pages 109-118

   4. Chemical Aspects

      1. Chemical Weapons on the Seabed

         • G. V. Lisichkin

         Pages 121-127

      2. Reaction Products of Chemical Agents by Thermodynamic Calculations

         • F. Volk

         Pages 129-143

      3. Bacterial Biodegradation of Nitrate Ester Explosives

         • Graham F. White, Jason R. Snape, S. Nicklin

         Pages 145-156

      4. Chemical Weapons Dumping and White Sea Contamination

         • Sergey S. Yufit, Igor V. Miskevich, Olga N. Shtemberg

         Pages 157-166

This volume summarises the materials presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Sea-Dumped Chemical Munitions, held in Kaliningrad (Moscow Region), Russia, in January 1995. The conference was sponsored by the NATO Division of Scientific and Environmental Affairs in the framework of its outreach programme to develop co-operation between NATO member countries and the Cooperation Partner countries in the area of disarmament technologies. The problem of the ecological threat posed by chemical weapons (CW) dumped in the seas after the Second World War deserves considerable international attention: the amount of these weapons, many of them having been captured from the German Army, is assessed at more than three times as much as the total chemical arsenals reported by the United States and Russia. They were disposed of in the shallow depths of North European seas - areas of active fishing - in close proximity to densely populated coastlines, with no consideration of the long-term consequences. The highly toxic material have time and again showed up, for instance when retrieved occasionally in the fishing nets, attracting local media coverage only. Nevertheless, this issue has not yet been given adequate and comprehensive scientific analysis, the sea-disposed munitions are not covered by either the Chemical Weapons Convention or other arms control treaties. In fact, the problem has been neglected for a long time on the international level. Only recently were official data made available by the countries which admitted conducting dumping operations.

• Coast
• Contamination
• Europe
• Nation
• environment

• Institute of the USA and Canadian Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

  Alexander V. Kaffka

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