Philosophy of Cancer

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xv

   PDF

2. Cancer Biology

   • Marta Bertolaso

   Pages 1-16

3. The Evolution of Explanatory Models of Cancer

   • Marta Bertolaso

   Pages 17-41

4. The Systemic Approach to Cancer: Models and Epistemology

   • Marta Bertolaso

   Pages 43-59

5. The Tissue Organization Field Theory and the Anti-reductionist Campaign

   • Marta Bertolaso

   Pages 61-84

6. Towards a Relational Ontology for Cancer

   • Marta Bertolaso

   Pages 85-108

7. On Biological Explanations

   • Marta Bertolaso

   Pages 109-127

8. Complementary Issues of a Relational View of Biological Determination

   • Marta Bertolaso

   Pages 129-145

9. Conclusion: Beyond Dichotomies

   • Marta Bertolaso

   Pages 147-151

10. Back Matter

    Pages 153-190

    PDF

Since the 1970s, the origin of cancer is being explored from the point of view of the Somatic Mutation Theory (SMT), focusing on genetic mutations and clonal expansion of somatic cells. As cancer research expanded in several directions, the dominant focus on cells remained steady, but the classes of genes and the kinds of extra-genetic factors that were shown to have causal relevance in the onset of cancer multiplied. The wild heterogeneity of cancer-related mutations and phenotypes, along with the increasing complication of models, led to an oscillation between the hectic search of ‘the’ few key factors that cause cancer and the discouragement in face of a seeming ‘endless complexity’. To tame this complexity, cancer research started to avail itself of the tools that were being developed by Systems Biology. At the same time, anti-reductionist voices began claiming that cancer research was stuck in a sterile research paradigm. This alternative discourse even gave birth toan alternative theory: the Tissue Organization Field Theory (TOFT). A deeper philosophical analysis shows limits and possibilities of reductionist and anti-reductionist positions and of their polarization. This book demonstrates that a radical philosophical reflection is necessary to drive cancer research out of its impasses. At the very least, this will be a reflection on the assumptions of different kinds of cancer research, on the implications of what cancer research has been discovering over 40 years and more, on a view of scientific practice that is most able to make sense of the cognitive and social conflicts that are seen in the scientific community (and in its results), and, finally, on the nature of living entities with which we entertain this fascinating epistemological dance that we call scientific research. The proposed Dynamic and Relational View of carcinogenesis is a starting point in all these directions.

• Biological Complexity Philosophy
• Biological Organization Philosophy
• Biological context philosophy
• Cancer Research Philosophy
• Neoplastic epistomology
• Reductionist-Anti-Reductionist debate

“Bertolaso’s book offers a useful perspective to disentangle the shift in cancer’s research from the short-lived thrill of simplicity, which pervaded it at the early time of its molecularization, to more cautious approaches to real-life complexity.” (Silvia Caianiello, Acta Biotheoretica, Vol. 66, 2018)

• Institute of Philosophy of Scientific and Technological Practice, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy

  Marta Bertolaso

Marta Bertolaso is Assistant Professor for Philosophy of Science at University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Italy. After a degree in Biological Sciences and some years in the lab, she developed her academic career in the Philosophy of Life Sciences. Her expertise in philosophy of cancer, scientific practice and philosophy of complex organized systems has allowed her to collaborate with various journals and to publish monographs and papers sometimes in collaboration with established scientists. Supported by Visiting or Scholar Fellowships, she has worked in prestigious international research centres for Philosophy of Science including Pittsburgh (PA, USA), Exeter (UK), Paris (France) and the European Oncology Institute (IEO). She promotes and coordinates an international and interdisciplinary research network, participates in funded national and international research and educational projects. Lecturer for philosophy and epistemology in scientific practice in different courses at Campus Bio-Medico, she has been giving seminars and talks in different Universities and countries.

Policies and ethics