Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

1. Front Matter

   Pages I-XXXI

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2. General Aspects

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 1-1

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   2. Pharmaceuticals in the Environment – A Brief Summary

      • K. Kümmerer

      Pages 3-21

   3. Special Characteristics of Pharmaceuticals Related to Environmental Fate

      • V. L. Cunningham

      Pages 23-34

3. Sources, Occurrence and Fate

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 35-35

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   2. Drug Production Facilities – An Overlooked Discharge Source for Pharmaceuticals to the Environment

      • D. G. J. Larsson

      Pages 37-42

   3. Substance Flows Associated with Medical Care – Significance of Different Sources

      • K. Kümmerer, A. Schuster

      Pages 43-59

   4. Pharmaceutical Residues in Northern European Environments: Consequences and Perspectives

      • R. Kallenborn, J. Fick, R. Lindberg, M. Moe, K. M. Nielsen, M. Tysklind et al.

      Pages 61-74

   5. Antibiotics in the Environment

      • K. Kümmerer

      Pages 75-93

   6. Veterinary Antibiotics in Dust: Sources, Environmental Concentrations, and Possible Health Hazards

      • G. Hamscher, J. Hartung

      Pages 95-102

   7. Fate of Veterinary Medicines Applied to Soils

      • A. B. A. Boxall

      Pages 103-119

   8. Pharmaceuticals as Environmental Contaminants: Modeling Distribution and Fate

      • A. Di Guardo, D. Calamari, E. Benfenati, B. Halling-Sørensen, E. Zuccato, R. Fanelli

      Pages 121-132

   9. Environmental Exposure Modeling: Application of PhATE™ and Great-ER to Human Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

      • V. L. Cunningham

      Pages 133-146

   10. Exposure Assessment Methods for Veterinary and Human-Use Medicines in the Environment: PEC vs. MEC Comparisons

       • C.D. Metcalfe, A.C. Alder, B. Halling-Sørensen, K. Krogh, K. Fenner, M. Larsbo et al.

       Pages 147-171

4. Effects

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 173-173

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   2. Effects of Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Organisms

      • K. Fent

      Pages 175-203

   3. Another Example of Effects of Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Invertebrates: Fluoxetine and Ciprofloxacin

      • G. Nentwig

      Pages 205-222

   4. Effects of Antibiotics and Virustatics in the Environment

      • K. Kümmerer

      Pages 223-244

   5. Realizing the Potential Benefits of Small Animal Models for the Aquatic Hazard Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals: A Conceptual Approach

      • T. H. Hutchinson

      Pages 245-255

   6. On the Ecotoxicology of Pharmaceutical Mixtures

      • T. Backhaus, J. Sumpter, H. Blanck

      Pages 257-276

When the first green wave appeared in the mid and late 1960s, it was considered a f- sible task to solve pollution problems. The visible problems were mostly limited to point sources, and a comprehensive “end of the pipe technology” (= environmental technology) was available. It was even seriously discussed in the US that what was called “zero d- charge” could be attained by 1985. It became clear in the early 1970s that zero discharge would be too expensive, and that we should also rely on the self purification ability of ecosystems. That called for the development of environmental and ecological models to assess the self purifi- tion capacity of ecosystems and to set up emission standards, considering the re- tionship between impacts and effects in the ecosystems. This idea is illustrated in Fig. 0.1. A model is used to relate an emission to its effect on the ecosystem and its components. The relationship is applied to select a good solution to environmental problems by application of environmental technology.

• Ecotoxicology
• Environmental Medicine
• Environmental Research
• Filtration
• Pharmaceuticals
• contaminants
• development
• environment
• hazard
• production
• residue
• residues
• toxicity
• toxicology
• virus
• water quality and water pollution

From the reviews of the third edition:

"This book gives a very good short, readable and impressive overview of the role and the fate of pharmaceuticals in the environment which was in the past totally neglected. It highlights the knowledge and the lack of knowledge of the today’s fast growing research area. The book should be a standard-lecture not only for ecologists, chemists and pharmacists … . Everybody whose work/interests stay in contact with the research … or the application of drugs can find some suitable information in this book." (Moritz Schübler, Clean, Vol. 37 (7), 2009)

• Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany

  Klaus Kümmerer

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