Managing Science

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xxx

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2. Totality of Science

   • Frederick Betz

   Pages 1-19

3. Origin of Scientific Method

   • Frederick Betz

   Pages 21-41

4. Research Funding

   • Frederick Betz

   Pages 43-63

5. Research Techniques

   • Frederick Betz

   Pages 65-91

6. Communities of Scientists

   • Frederick Betz

   Pages 93-119

7. Science and Society

   • Frederick Betz

   Pages 121-144

8. Paradigms and Perceptual Spaces

   • Frederick Betz

   Pages 145-164

9. Paradigms of Mechanism and Function

   • Frederick Betz

   Pages 165-189

10. Objectivity in Social Sciences

    • Frederick Betz

    Pages 191-213

11. Paradigms of Systems and Logic

    • Frederick Betz

    Pages 215-241

12. Theory in the Social Sciences

    • Frederick Betz

    Pages 243-268

13. Models

    • Frederick Betz

    Pages 269-293

14. Models in the Social Sciences

    • Frederick Betz

    Pages 295-311

15. Multidisciplinary Research

    • Frederick Betz

    Pages 313-333

16. Measurement

    • Frederick Betz

    Pages 335-364

17. Handbook of Research Methods

    • Frederick Betz

    Pages 365-378

18. Back Matter

    Pages 379-388

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What is science? How is it performed? Is science only a method or is it also an institution? These are questions at the core of Managing Science, a handbook on how scientific research is conducted and its results disseminated. Knowledge creation occurs through scientific research in universities, industrial laboratories, and government agencies. Any knowledge management system needs to promote effective research processes to foster innovation, and, ultimately, to channel that innovation into economic competitiveness and wealth. However, science is a complicated topic. It includes both methodological aspects and organizational aspects, which have traditionally been discussed in isolation from each other. In Managing Science, Frederick Betz presents a holistic approach to science, incorporating both philosophical and practical elements, in a framework that integrates scientific method, content, administration and application. Illustrating all of the key concepts with illustrative case studies (both historical and contemporary, and from a wide spectrum of fields), Betz provides in-depth discussion of the process of science. He addresses the social, organizational, institutional, and infrastructural context through which research projects are designed and their results applied, along the path from experimentation to innovation to commercialization of new products, services, and processes. This practical approach to science is the foundation of today's knowledge-intensive and technology-enabled industries, and positions the management of science within the broader context of knowledge management and its implications for organizations, industries, and regional and national technology management policies. Managing Science will be an essential resource for students in all areas of research, industry scientists and R&D specialists, policymakers and university administrators, and anyone concerned with the application of research to economic growth and development.

• History of science
• History of science
• History of science
• Knowledge management
• Knowledge management
• Knowledge management
• Research and development (R&D)
• Research and development (R&D)
• Research and development (R&D)
• Science and technology policy
• Science and technology policy
• Science and technology policy
• Scientific methodology
• Scientific methodology
• Scientific methodology
• Scientific paradigm
• Scientific paradigm
• Scientific paradigm
• Scientific research
• Scientific research
• Scientific research

• Department of Engineering and Technology, Portland State University, Portland, USA

  Frederick Betz

Frederick Betz is a Visiting Professor, Nile University, Cairo, and Adjunct Professor, Department of Engineering and Technology, Portland State University. In 2007-8 he was a Visiting Scientist on the Science and Technology Research Council, Turkey, and from 1998 to 2005, he served as a Professor in the Graduate School of Management and Technology Management at the University of Maryland University College (UMUC). He has published 5 books, including Managing Technological Innovation (Wiley, 2/e, 2004), Executive Strategy (Wiley, 2002), and Strategic Technology Management (McGraw-Hill). He has published numerous scholarly articles in such journals as Journal of Technology Transfer, Technology Management, and International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management.

Policies and ethics