Scientific Establishments and Hierarchies

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xiii

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2. Scientific and Other Establishments

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 1-1

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   2. Scientific Establishments

      • Norbert Elias

      Pages 3-69

   3. The Scientific Power Elite — A Chimera; The De-Institutionalization and Politicization of Science

      • Peter Weingart

      Pages 71-87

   4. The Hallmarks of Science and Scholasticism: A Historical Analysis

      • Homa Katouzian

      Pages 89-109

   5. Advice from a Scientific Establishment: The National Academy of Sciences

      • Cynthia Hay

      Pages 111-119

3. Establishments and Hierarchies in the Development of Scientific Knowledge

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 121-121

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   2. Giving Life a New Meaning: The Rise of the Molecular Biology Establishment

      • Edward Yoxen

      Pages 123-143

   3. Two Scientific Establishments which Shape the Pattern of Cancer Research in Germany: Basic Science and Medicine

      • Rainer Hohlfeld

      Pages 145-168

   4. Development and Establishment in Artificial Intelligence

      • James Fleck

      Pages 169-217

   5. The Development of Restrictedness in the Sciences

      • Arie Rip

      Pages 219-238

   6. Scientific Disciplines and Organizational Specificity: The Social and Cognitive Configuration of Laboratory Activities

      • Terry Shinn

      Pages 239-264

4. Establishing Boundaries and Hierarchies in the Sciences

   1. Front Matter

      Pages 265-265

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   2. On The Autonomy of Pure Science: The Construction and Maintenance of Barriers between Scientific Establishments and Popular Culture

      • R. G. A. Dolby

      Pages 267-292

   3. Research Trails and Science Policies: Local and Extra-Local Negotiation of Scientific Work

      • Daryl E. Chubin, Terence Connolly

      Pages 293-311

   4. The Establishment and Structure of the Sciences as Reputational Organizations

      • Richard Whitley

      Pages 313-357

5. Back Matter

   Pages 359-369

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In recent years sociologists of sciences have become more interested in scien­ tific elites, in the way they direct and control the development of sciences and, beyond that, in which the organization of research facilities and resources generally affects research strategies and goals. In this volume we focus on scientific establishments and hierarchies as a means of bringing aspects of these concerns together in their historical and comparative contexts. These terms draw attention to the fact that much scientific work has been pursued within a highly specific organizational setting, that of universities and aca­ demic research institutes. The effects of this organizational setting as well as its power relations, and its resources in relation to governmental and other non-scientific establishments in society at large, deserve closer attention. One significant aspect of scientific establishments and hierarchies and of the power relations impinging upon scientific research, is the fact that the bulk of leading scientists have the professional career, qualifications and status of a professor. As heads or senior members of departments, institutes and laboratories, professors form the ruling groups of scientific work. They are the main defenders of scientific - or departmental - autonomy, accept or resist innovations in their field, play a leading part in fighting scientific controversies or establishing consensus. Even where research units are not directly controlled by professors, authority structures usually remain strongly hierarchical. These hierarchies too deserve attention in any explora­ tion of the social characteristics of scientific knowledge and its production.

• Figuration
• Hierarchie
• Institution
• Nation
• artificial intelligence
• biology

• Universities of Leicester and Bielefeld, UK

  Norbert Elias

• University of Oxford, UK

  Herminio Martins

• Manchester Business School, University of Manchester, England

  Richard Whitley

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